Ch1- Evolution Of Science Flashcards
What is nativism and who created this thinking?
Plato
Certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
“Born evil”
What is empiricism and who created this thinking?
Aristotle
All knowledge is acquired through experience
“Born in a blank state”
What is the contrary to nativism?
Empiricism
What is dualism and who created this thinking?
Descartes
The mind and the body are two different entities
Body—>material
Mind—>spiritual
What is materialism and who created this thinking?
Hobbes
The mind and the body are a unit
“The mind is what the brain does”
What is the contrary to materialism?
Dualism
What is realism and who created this thinking?
Locke
There is a real world
Two people see the same thing
What is idealism and who created this thinking?
Beings are born with basic knowledge, which allows them to acquire further knowledge
(Preferences)
What is the opposite of idealism?
Realism
What is structuralism and who created this thinking?
Helmhotz and Wundt
Analysis of the basic components of that constitutes the mind
What did Helmhotz achieve?
Measured the speed of the nerves.
Reaction time and stimulus
What is a reaction time?
The amount of time taken to respond to a stimulus
What is a stimulus?
Sensory input from the environment
What did Wundt achieve?
First psychological lab
What is functionalism and who created this thinking?
James and Darwin
How mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments
What is natural selection and in which thinking does it belong?
Functionalism
By Darwin
The features of an organism that helps to survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed down
What is the opposite to functionalism?
Structuralism
What are the nine types of clinical psychology?
Psychoanalytic Behaviorism Humanism Cognitivism Neuroscience Evolutionary psychology Social psychology Cultural psychology Bio psychosocial model
What is psychoanalytic and who created this thinking?
Freud
Emphasize on the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping thoughts and behaviors
What is psychoanalysis?
Bringing material into a conscious awareness to better understand a psychological behavior.
Caused by a painful unconscious experience
What is behaviorism and who created this thinking?
Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Advocates that psychologists restricts themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
What did Skinner find?
Response and reinforcement
What is response?
Action or phycological change elicited by a stimulus
What is reinforcement?
Consequence of a behavior determines whether it will or will not be repeated.
What is humanism and who created this thinking?
Rogers and Maslow
We can always do better/ improve
Focus on the future
What is cognitivism and who created this thinking?
Chomsky+ Gestatl
Scientific study of mental processes including perception, thoughts, memory and reasoning
What did Gestalt emphasize on?
We often perceive things as a whole part rather that the sum of multiple parts
Fill in the void
What are the two types of neuroscience?
Behavioral and cognitive
What is neuroscience and what helped develop this?
Everything that has to do with the brain
Developed by new tools and technology
Ex: FMRI
What is evolutionary psychology ?
Explanation of the mind and the behavior in terms of the adaptive values of abilities that are preserved overtime by natural selection
What is social psychology?
Study of causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior.
Human behavior is influenced by the presence and absence of other people
What is cultural psychology?
Study of how a culture reflects and shapes the psychological processes of their members.
We also try to find what is universally accepted by comparing culture to culture
What is the bio psychosocial model?
Combination of theories such as social, psychological and biological
