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psychology > CH7- Learning > Flashcards

CH7- Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning?

A

Acquiring knowledge or skills from experience which result in more or less permanent change in a person

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2
Q

What are the two main approaches of learning?

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

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3
Q

What are other types?

A

Observational learning

Implicit learning

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4
Q

What did Pavlov learn?

A

What occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q

Before conditioning occurs what does the NS do?

A

It does not naturally elicit a relevant or consistent response

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6
Q

What is the most fundamental way that we learn many new responses, emotions and attitudes?

A

Conditioning

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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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8
Q

Un conditioned response (UR)

A

Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CNS)

A

A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

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10
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

What are the basic principles of classical conditioning ?

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. extinction
  3. spontaneous recovery
  4. Second-order conditioning
  5. generalization
  6. discrimination
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12
Q

Acquisition

A

CS-US paring

Learning

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13
Q

Extinction

A

CS alone

Making it go away

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

CS alone after 24hrs

U can get reaction again

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15
Q

Second order conditioning

A

CS alone after 24 hrs

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16
Q

Generalization

A

Scared of a pool-> lake, ocean

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

Just reacting to a specific element (only one pool)

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18
Q

Elements of classical conditioning

A
  1. Cognitive elements
  2. Neural elements
  3. Evolutionary elements
19
Q

Classical conditioning: Cognitive elements

A

Rescorla and Wagner
Classical condition occurs when you set up an expectation
: strong in conditioning (you condition stronger in a new element/environment than in a familiar one) first time experience vs 5 year exp

20
Q

Classical conditioning: Neural elements

A

Takes less long to learn emotional conditioning to non emotional

  • hippocampus: remember its role in memory
  • amygdala: responsible for fear conditioning
21
Q

Classical conditioning: evolutionary elements

A

Easier to learn things that help us survive

Taste aversion + biological preparedness

22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s. Behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated in the future

23
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike
You do something u like the outcome-> do again
You do something u dont like the outcome-> dont do again

24
Q

What did Skinner focus on? What did he state?

A

The role of reinforcement and punishment

He stated that behaviors operate on the environment

25
Q

What is operant behavior?

A

Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

26
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Consequences are at the hear

Response is generally active and voluntary

27
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Consequences are irrelevant

Response is genera;;y passive and involuntary

28
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases the likelihood of the behavior to happen again

29
Q

What are examples of primary reinforcers?

A

Food, sex and sleep

30
Q

What are examples of secondary reinforcers

A

Money and praise

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Add something enjoyable

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove unpleasant element

33
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to happen again

34
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add something they dont like

35
Q

Negative punishement

A

Take away something they like

36
Q

What is bad about punishment

A

You dont show them what they should do instead

37
Q

What are basic principles of operant conditioning?

A

Fixed interval schedule (FI)
Variable internal schedule (VI)
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
Variable ratio schedule (VR)

38
Q

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

A

Time: seconds, minutes

It’s a fixed time

39
Q

Variable interval schedule (VI)

A

You don’t know after what amount of time

40
Q

Fixed ratio schedule (FR)

A

Amount of times a behavior is done

Every ten times…

41
Q

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

A

The amount is not fixed

42
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Reinforcing on a variable schedule (you dont know when you get the reward)

43
Q

Intermittent -reinforcement effect

A

It will be much more resistant to extinction

psychology (6 decks)

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