CH8 Flashcards
1
Q
What bones does the scapula articulate with?
A
- clavicle at acromioclavicular joint
- humerus at glenohumeral/shoulder joint
2
Q
what bones does the clavicle articulate with?
A
- scapula at acromioclavicular joint
- manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint
3
Q
do the pectoral girdles articulate with the vertebral column?
A
No, are held in position and stabilized by a group of large muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula instead
4
Q
what is the function of the pectoral girdle?
A
attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton by a series of muscles
5
Q
what is the function of the conoid tubercle on the clavice?
A
serves as attachment point for conoid ligament which attaches clavicle and scapula
6
Q
how is the acromioclavicular joint formed?
A
articulation of acromion and acromial end of clavicle
7
Q
what is the function of the glenoid cavity?
A
shallow depression that accepts the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral/shoulder joint
8
Q
Which part of the clavicle is its weakest point?
A
the junction of the two curves of the clavicle is its weakest point, the clavicular midregion is the most frequent fracture site
9
Q
Which part of the scapula forms the high point of the shoulder?
A
the acromion
10
Q
what is the function of the coracoid process on the scapula?
A
tendons of muscles and ligaments attach
11
Q
what is the function of the supraspinous fossa on the scapula?
A
surface of attachment for the supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
12
Q
what is the function of the infraspinous fossa on the scapula?
A
surface of attachment for the infraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
13
Q
what is the function of the subscapular fossa on the scapula?
A
surface of attachment for the subscapularis muscle
14
Q
glenohumeral joint bones?
A
head of humerus + glenoid cavity of scapula
15
Q
what did the anatomical neck of the humerus used to be?
A
former site of the epiphyseal (growth) plate in an adult humerus
16
Q
what is the function of the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus?
A
area serves as a point of attachment for the tendons of the deltoid muscle
17
Q
which three sites do the ulna and radius connect with one another?
A
- interosseous membrane joins shafts of the two bones
- roximally, the head of the radius articulates with the ulna’s radial notch = proximal radioulnar joint
- Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius=distal radioulnar joint
18
Q
What part of the ulna is called the “elbow”?
A
trochlear notch of the ulna
19
Q
what articulations form the elbow joint?
A
(1) the trochlear notch of the ulna with the trochlea of the humerus
(2) the head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus
20
Q
what are your knuckles?
A
the distal heads of the metacarpals
21
Q
interphalangeal joints?
A
joints between phalanges
22
Q
what is the pubic symphysis?
A
slightly moveable fibrocartilage joint between anterior surfaces of the hip bones
23
Q
what is the bony pelvis?
A
The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx
24
Q
what are the three parts of the hip bones?
A
- superior ilium
- inferior and posterior ischium
- inferior and anterior pubis
25
what do the spines of the ilium do?
serve as points of attachment for the tendons of the muscles of the trunk, hip, and thighs
26
what is the function of the greater sciatic notch?
the sciatic nerve passes, along with other nerves, blood vessels, and muscles, along the greater sciatic notch
27
what part of the ischium starts hurting after sitting on a hard surface?
the prominent ischial tuberosity
28
what is the acetabulum?
the socket for the head of the femur, where the three parts of the hip bone converge and ossify
29
when might the angle of the pubic arch change? Release of relaxin?
- In the later stages of pregnancy, the hormone relaxin (produced by the ovaries and placenta) increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis to ease delivery of the baby
- Weakening of the joint, together with an already altered center of gravity due to an enlarged uterus, also changes the mother’s gait during pregnancy
30
what is the greater pelvis?
portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic inlet
- part of the lower abdomen; it contains the superior portion of the urinary bladder (when it is full) and the lower intestines in both genders and the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes of the female
31
what is the lesser pelvis?
portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic inlet
- contains the rectum and urinary bladder in both genders, the vagina and cervix of the uterus in females, and the prostate and seminal glands in males
32
what is pelvimetry?
the measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal, which may be done by ultrasonography or physical examination
- Measurement of the pelvic cavity in pregnant females is important because the fetus must pass through the narrower opening of the pelvis at birth
33
How is the pubic arch different from males and females?
males: less than 90° angle
females: Greater than 90° angle
34
How is the pelvic outlet different between males and females?
males: narrower
females: wider
35
In general, how are male bones different from female bones?
the bones of males are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings than those of females of comparable age and physical stature
- Most of the structural differences in the pelves are adaptations to the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth
36
what is a hip fracture?
- a break in the proximal end of the femur (head, neck, and trochanteric regions)
- may also involve the bones that form the acetabulum
- Complications of hip fractures include blood clots, pneumonia, muscle atrophy (decrease in muscle mass), postoperative infection, and bedsores
37
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for all body systems?
- Bones provide support and protection for internal organs
- Bones store and release calcium, which is needed for proper functioning of most body tissues
38
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the integumentary system?
Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin
39
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the muscular system?
- Bones provide attachment points for muscles and leverage for muscles to bring about body movements
- Contraction of skeletal muscle requires calcium ions
40
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the nervous system?
- Skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord
- Normal blood level of calcium is needed for normal functioning of neurons and neuroglia
41
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the endocrine system?
Bones store and release calcium, needed during exocytosis of hormone-filled vesicles and for normal actions of many hormones
42
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the cardiovascular system?
- Red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
- Rhythmic beating of the heart requires calcium ions
43
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the lymphatic system and immunity?
Red bone marrow produces lymphocytes, white blood cells that are involved in immune responses
44
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the respiratory system?
- Axial skeleton of thorax protects lungs
- Rib movements assist in breathing
- Some muscles used for breathing attach to bones via tendons
45
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the digestive system?
- Teeth masticate (chew) food
- Rib cage protects esophagus, stomach, and liver
- Pelvis protects portions of the intestines
46
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the urinary system?
- Ribs partially protect kidneys
- Pelvis protects urinary bladder and urethra
47
what is the contribution of the skeletal system for the reproductive system?
- Pelvis protects ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus in females
- Pelvis protects part of ductus deferens and accessory glands in males
- Bones are an important source of calcium needed for milk synthesis during lactation
48
what is hemiarthroplasty?
The procedure of replacing either the femoral head or the acetabulum with artificial devices/prostheses
49
why is the angle of the femoral body greater in females?
female pelvises are broader
50
what is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia?
the talus
51
how do the talus, calcaneus, and the other tarsal bones interact during walking?
the talus transmits about half the weight of the body to the calcaneus. The remainder is transmitted to the other tarsal bones.
52
why is the first metatarsal thicker?
it bears more weight than the others
53
how do fractures of the metatarsals occur?
when a heavy object falls onto or rolls over the foot.
Such fractures are also common among dancers, especially ballet dancers. If a ballet dancer is on the tip of her toes and loses her balance, the full body weight is placed on the metatarsals, causing one or more of them to fracture.
54
what do the arches on the foot do?
The arches enable the foot to support the weight of the body, provide an ideal distribution of body weight over the soft and hard tissues of the foot, and provide leverage while walking
- they yield as weight is applied and spring back when the weight is lifted, thus storing energy for the next step and helping to absorb shocks
55
what are the arches found on the foot?
- longitudinal arch
- transverse arch
56
what is the longitudinal arch?
arch on foot that runs along longitudinal plane of foot
- medial part
- lateral part
The medial portion of the longitudinal arch is so high that the medial portion of the foot between the ball and heel does not touch the ground when you walk on a hard surface.
57
what is the transverse arch?
arch on foot that is found between medial and lateral aspects of the foot
58
what happens to the foot arches when someone wears high-heeled shoes?
the distribution of weight changes so that the ball of the foot may carry up to 80% and the heel 20%. As a result, the fat pads at the ball of the foot are damaged, joint pain develops, and structural changes in bones may occur.
59
Mr. Smith’s dog Rover dug up a complete set of human bones in the woods near his house. After examining the scene, the local police collected the bones and transported them to the coroner’s office for identification. Later, Mr. Smith read in the newspaper that the bones belonged to an elderly female. How was this determined?
There are several characteristics of the bony pelves that can be used to differentiate male from female: (1) The pelvis in the female is wider and more shallow than the male’s; (2) the pelvic brim of the female is larger and more oval; (3) the pubic arch has an angle greater than 90º; (4) the pelvic outlet is wider than in a male; (5) the female’s iliac crest is less curved and the ilium less vertical. Age of the skeleton can be determined by the size of the bones, the presence or absence of epiphyseal plates, the degree of demineralization of the bones, and the general appearance of the “bumps” and ridges of bones.
60
A proud dad holds his 5-month-old baby girl upright on her feet while supporting her under her arms. He states that she can never be a dancer because her feet are too flat. Is this true? Why or why not?
Infants do have “flat feet” because their arches have not yet developed. As they begin to stand and walk, the arches should begin to develop in order to accommodate and support their body weight. The arches are usually fully developed by age 12 or 13, so Dad doesn’t need to worry yet!
61
The local newspaper reported that Farmer White caught his hand in a piece of machinery last Tuesday. He lost the lateral two fingers of his left hand. His daughter, who is taking high school science, reports that Farmer White has three remaining phalanges. Is she correct, or does she need a refresher?
There are 14 phalanges in each hand: two bones in the thumb and three in each of the other digits. Farmer White has lost five phalanges on his left hand (two in his thumb and three in his index finger), so he has nine remaining on his left and 14 remaining on his right for a total of 23.
62
Carpal bones
Stop Letting Those People Touth The Cadavers Hand
Proximal:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Distal:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
63
metacarpals
1-5
Base of the M articulate with the distal carpals
Heds articulate with the proximal phalanges
64
Phalanges
1-5 starting w thumb
Thumb: Proximal, distal
Fingers: Proximal, middle, distal
65
pelvic girdle
os coxa, coxal bones
66
Name the hip bones
Ilium, ischium, pubis
67
tibia
larger, medial, weight bearing bone
Proximal: femur
Distal talus
68
Fibula
smaller
proximal: tibia
distal: tibia and talus
69
Tarsal Bones
Tall centres never take shots from corners
talus
calceneus
navicular
third cuneiform
second cuneiform
first cuneiform
cuboid
70
metatarsals
make up planter and dorsal.
proximal: articulate w 3 cuneiform bones
distal: proximal phalanges
71
Proximal end of the humerus
greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus
72
Distal ends of the humerus
trochlea articulates with the uldna and the capitulum with the radius
73
Trochlea
spool like shape. articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
74
coronoid fossa
articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
75
olecranon fossa
large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended
76
patella
articulates with the lateral and medial condyles of the femur
77
pattellar ligament
attatches patella to tibia
