CH1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is anatomy?
A
the science of body structures and the relationships among them
2
Q
what is physiology?
A
the science of body functions, how the body parts work
3
Q
what is dissection?
A
the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
4
Q
what is developmental biology?
A
the study of the growth and development of an individual
5
Q
what is embryology?
A
the study of the first eight weeks after fertilization of a human egg
6
Q
what is cell biology?
A
the study of cellular structure and functions
7
Q
what is histology?
A
the study of microscopic structure of tissues
8
Q
what is gross anatomy?
A
the study of structures viewed without a microscope
9
Q
what is systemic anatomy?
A
the study of structures of specific systems of the body
10
Q
what is regional anatomy?
A
the study of specific regions of the body
11
Q
what is topographical anatomy?
A
the study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touching)
12
Q
what is imaging anatomy?
A
the study of internal body structures that can be visualized with technology for clinical analysis and medical intervention
13
Q
what is clinical anatomy?
A
the study of the application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences
14
Q
what is pathological anatomy?
A
the study of structural changes associated with disease
15
Q
what is molecular physiology?
A
the study of the functions of individual molecules
16
Q
what is neurophysiology?
A
the study of the functional properties of nerve cells
17
Q
what is endocrinology?
A
the study of hormones and how they control body functions
18
Q
what is cardiovascular physiology?
A
the study of the function of heart and blood vessels
19
Q
what is immunology?
A
the study of the body-s defenses against disease-causing agents
20
Q
what is respiratory physiology?
A
the study of the functions of the air passageways and the lungs
21
Q
what is renal physiology?
A
the study of the function of the kidneys
22
Q
what is exercise physiology?
A
the study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
23
Q
what is pathophysiology?
A
the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
24
Q
what are the levels of organization of the human body?
A
OOOTCOMA -
ATOMS - chem lvl
MOLECULES - chem lvl
ORGANELLES - cell lvl
CELLS - cell lvl
TISSUES - tissue lvl
ORGANS - organ lvl
ORGAN SYSTEMS - system lvl
ORGANISM - organismal lvl
25
what are tissues?
groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
26
what are the four types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
27
what are epithelial tissues?
tissues that cover body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, forms glands
28
what are connective tissues?
tissues that connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
29
what are muscular tissues?
tissues that contract to make body parts move and in the process generate heat
30
what are nervous tissues?
tissues that carry info from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
31
what are organs?
structures composed of two or more different types of tissues that have specific functions and have recognizable shapes
32
what are organ systems?
systems that consist of related organs with a common function
33
what are the eleven systems of the human body?
integumentary, digestive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, endocrine, lymphatic, and urinary
34
what is a noninvasive diagnostic technique?
technique of diagnosis that is noninvasive and does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening
35
what is inspection?
noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner observes body for changes that deviate from normal
36
what is palpation?
noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner feels body surfaces with hands
37
what is auscultation?
noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of organs
38
what is percussion?
noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner taps on body surface with fingertips and listens to resulting sound because hollow cavities or spaces produce different sounds than solid organs
39
what may percussion reveal?
abnormal presence of fluid in lungs or air in intestines
40
what are the six most important life processes of the human body?
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation
41
what is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
42
what is catabolism?
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
43
what is anabolism?
the building up of simpler components into more complex substances
44
what is responsiveness?
the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
45
what is movement?
the motion of the whole body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
46
what is growth?
the increase in body size resulting from an increase in size of existing cells and an increase in number of new cells
47
what is differentiation?
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
48
what are stem cells?
precursor cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
49
what is reproduction?
1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, and replacement through cell division
2) the production of a new individual through fertilization
50
what would happen if the six main life processes occurring in the body cease to occur properly?
the result may be death of cells and tissues, leading to death of organism
51
what indicates death in the human body clinically?
the loss of a heartbeat, the absence of spontaneous breathing, and loss of brain functions
52
what is an autopsy/necropsy?
postmortem examination of the body and dissection of internal organs to confirm/determine the cause of death
53
what can autopsies uncover?
the existence of diseases not detected during life
determine the extent of injuries and explain how injuries may have contributed to death
reveal conditions that may affect offspring or siblings
54
what is homeostasis?
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment
55
why does homeostasis occur?
because of the ceaseless interplay of the body's many regulatory systems
56
how is homeostasis a dynamic condition?
conditions that change body's internal environment always occur
57
what is an important aspect of homeostasis?
the act of maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
58
what is intracellular fluid?
fluid within cells, also called cytosol
59
what is extracellular fluid?
fluid outside body cells
60
what is interstitial fluid?
ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
61
what is ECF in blood vessels?
blood plasma
62
what is ECF in lymphatic vessels?
lymph plasma
63
what is ECF in and around brain and spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid
64
what is ECF in joints?
synovial fluid
65
what is ECF in the eyes?
aqueous humor and vitreous body
66
what does the proper functioning of body cells depend on?
precise regulation of the composition of the surrounding fluid (aka the internal environment)
67
why do homeostatic imbalances occur?
physical insults from external environment (ex. heat)
disruptions in internal environment
(ex. blood pressure)
psychological stresses in social environment (school, work)
68
how does the nervous system work to provide needed corrective measures to restore homeostasis?
nervous system sends nervous impulses/action potentials to organs that can counteract changes from balanced state, works rapidly
69
how does the endocrine system work to provide needed corrective measures to restore homeostasis?
endocrine system includes glands that secrete messenger molecules/ hormones into blood, working more slowly
70
what is a feedback system?
cycle of events in which status of body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated...
71
what is a controlled condition?
a monitored variable by the feedback loop
ex, blood pressure, oxygen level, body temp
72
what is a stimulus?
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
73
what three components make up a feedback loop?
receptor, control center, effector
74
what is a receptor?
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
75
what is an afferent pathway?
info flows towards control center
76
what forms of input do receptors usually send?
nerve impulses, chemical signals
77
what is a control center?
a center that sets the narrow range/ set point in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed
78
what is an efferent pathway?
info flows away from control center
79
what forms of output do control centers usually send?
nerve impulses, hormones, other chemical signals
80
what is an effector?
body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response/ effect that changes controlled condition
81
describe pathway of a feedback system
stimulus - controlled condition - receptor - control center - effector - response - return to homeostasis
SCRCERR
82
what is a negative feedback system?
feedback loop negating/reversing change in the controlled condition
83
what is an example of a negative feedback system?
when BP increases(stimuli), baroreceptors detect stimulus(receptors),
sends nerve impulses (input)
to brain (control center)
which sends nerve impulses (output)
to blood vessels (effectors)
to dilate (response and return to homeostasis)
84
what is a positive feedback system?
feedback loop strengthening/reinforcing a change in the controlled condition, continuining until it is interrupted by a mechanism
85
what are important differences between positive and negative feedback systems?
positive feedback loops must be shut off by an external event/mechanism, and typically reinforce conditions that do not happen often
negative feedback loops regulate themselves, and typically regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods
86
what is a disorder?
any abnormality of structure or function
87
what is a disease?
more specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable set of signs or symptoms
88
what is a local disease?
disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body
89
what is a systemic disease?
disease that affects entire body or several parts of it
90
what are symptoms?
subjective changes in body functions not apparent to an observer
91
what are signs?
any objective evidence of disease that can be observed/measured
92
what is epidemiology?
the science of why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
93
what is pharmacology?
the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of a disease
94
what is a diagnosis?
science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
95
what does taking a medical history consist of?
collecting info abt events that might be related to a patient's illness
including chief complaint, history of present illnesses, past medical problems, family medical problems, social history, review of symptoms
96
what is a physical examination?
orderly evaluation of body and its functions
including noninvasive diagnostic techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, along with measurement of vital signs and lab tests
97
what is the anatomical position?
a position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the:
- body is erect
- head is level
- eyes face forward
- upper limbs are at sides
- palms face forward
- feet flat on floor
- lower limbs parallel
98
what is the prone position?
body lying facedown
99
what is the supine position?
body lying faceup
100
what are body cavities?
spaces that enclose internal organs
101
what separates body cavities?
bones, muscles, ligaments, and other tissues
102
what are the meninges?
three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
103
what cavity encompasses the brain and spinal cord?
the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
104
define superior
towards the head, upper part of the structure
105
define inferior
away from the head, towards the lower part of a structure
106
define lateral
away from the midline
107
define medial
toward the midline
108
define posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
109
define anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body
110
define proximal
nearer to the origination of a limb, the trunk
111
define distal
farther from the origination of a limb, the trunk
112
what is the cranial cavity?
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
113
what is vertebral canal?
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
114
what is thoracic cavity?
also called chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities as well as the mediastinum
115
what is the pleural cavity?
potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
116
what is the pericardial cavity?
potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
117
what is the mediastinum?
the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
118
what is the abdominal cavity?
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the intestines
119
what is the peritoneum?
serous membrane of abdominal cavity
120
what is the pelvic cavity?
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and reproductive organs
121
what is the pleura?
serous membrane of pleural cavities
122
what is the visceral pleura?
pleura that clings to the surface of the lungs
123
what is the parietal pleura?
pleura that lines the chest wall and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm
124
what is the pericardium?
serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
125
what is the visceral pericardium?
pericardium that surrounds the heart
126
what is the parietal pericardium?
pericardium that surrounds the chest wall
127
what is the visceral peritoneum?
peritoneum that covers the abdominal viscera
128
what is the peritoneum?
serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
129
what is the parietal peritoneum?
peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall. covering inferior surface of diaphragm
130
what organs are retroperitoneal/ posterior to the peritoneum?
kidneys, suprarenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, portions of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
131
what is aging?
the progressive decline in body's ability to restore homeostasis
signs:
- wrinkled skin
- gray hair
- loss of bone mass and muscle mass
- diminished reflexes
132
what is medical imaging?
techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
133
what do the various types of medical imaging allow?
visualization of structures inside our bodies,
helps to precisely diagnose anatomical and physiological disorders
