Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MAIN STUDY > CH11 > Flashcards

CH11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the muscular system?

A

Usually refers to the voluntary muscles of the body that are composed of skeletal muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of most skeletal muscles in terms of movement?

A
  • produce movement of body parts
  • some stabilize bones so that other skeletal muscles can execute a movement more effectively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do skeletal muscles produce movement?

A

by exerting force on tendons, which in turn pull on bones or other structures (such as skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

do both articulating bones move equally in response to a contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A

No, one bone remains stationary or near its original position, either because other muscles stabilize that bone by contracting and pulling it in the opposite direction or because its structure makes it less movable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the origin?

A

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the insertion?

A

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone or the end opposite the origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a useful rule of thumb regarding origins and insertions?

A

the origin is usually proximal and the insertion distal; the insertion is usually pulled toward the origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the belly?

A

the fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is reverse muscle action?

A

during specific movements of the body, the actions are reversed

  • therefore, the positions of the origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do bones act as when producing movement?

A

they act as levers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do joints act as when producing movement?

A

act as fulcrums of the levers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a lever?

A

a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a fulcrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what different forces act on a lever?

A
  • load/resistance = opposes movement
  • effort = causes movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is effort?

A

the force exerted by muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is load?

A

typically the weight of the body part that is moved or some resistance that the moving body part is trying to overcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does motion occur in terms of loads and effort?

A

when the effort applied to the bone at the insertion exceeds the load

E > L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is mechanical advantage?

A

the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort farther from the fulcrum, then only a relatively small effort is required to move a large load over a small distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is mechanical disadvantage?

A

the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, then a relatively large effort is required to move a small load (but at greater speed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is chewing used the back teeth easier than chewing with the front teeth?

A

It is much easier to crush the hard food item with the back teeth because they are closer to the fulcrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the types of levers?

A
  1. first-class levers
  2. second-class levers
  3. third-class levers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are first-class levers?

A

E > F > L

  • fulcrum btwn effort and load
  • ex. scissors and seesaws
  • can produce mechanical advantage/disadvantage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are second-class levers?

A
  • F > L > E
  • load is btwn fulcrum and effort
  • ex. wheelbarrow
  • always produce mechanical advantage b/c load is closer to fulcrum than effort
  • favors force over speed and range of motion
  • uncommon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are third-class levers?

A
  • F > E > L
  • effort btwn fulcrum and load
  • ex. forceps
  • most common
  • always produce mechanical disadvantage b/c effort is always closer to fulcrum than load
  • favors speed and range of motion over force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are muscle fascicles?

A

a small bundle/cluster of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the patters muscle fascicles can make with respect to tendons?
- parallel - fusiform - circular - triangular - pennate (unipennate, binpennate, multipennate)
26
Which type of lever produces the most force?
Second-class levers produce the most force
27
what is the relationship between the length of the muscle fibers and the range of motion they can produce?
The longer the fibers in a muscle, the greater the range of motion it can produce
28
what does the power of a muscle depend on?
So the more fibers per unit of cross-sectional area a muscle has, the more power it can produce.
29
what is relationship between the amount of fibers per unit of cross-sectional area and the amount of power it can produce?
the more fibers per unit of cross-sectional area a muscle has, the more power it can produce
30
by how much does a muscle fiber shorten as it contracts?
As a muscle fiber contracts, it shortens to about 70% of its resting length
31
what is an intramuscular injection?
- An injection that penetrates the skin and subcutaneous tissue to enter a skeletal muscle - Common sites are the deltoid, gluteus medius, and vastus lateralis muscles - Muscles in these areas are fairly thick, and absorption is promoted by their extensive blood supply - IM injections are given deep within the muscle, away from major nerves and blood vessels to avoid injury - have a faster speed of delivery than oral medications but are slower than intravenous infusions
32
what is the prime mover/agonist?
The muscle directly responsible for producing a desired motion - contracts to cause an action
33
what is the antagonist?
A muscle that has an action opposite that of the prime mover - stretches & yields to the movement of the prime mover
34
where are the agonist and antagonist usually located to each other?
on opposite sides of bone or joint they are moving
35
what happens when an agonist and antagonist contract at the same time with equal force?
there will be no movement
36
what are synergists?
A muscle that assists the prime mover by reducing undesired action or unnecessary movement
37
what are fixators?
A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
38
what is a compartment?
A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves with a common function
39
"rectus"?
parallel to midline
40
"transverse"?
perpendicular to midline
41
"oblique"?
diagonal to midline
42
"maximus"?
largest
43
"minimus"?
smallest
44
"longus"?
long
45
"brevis"?
short
46
"latissimus"?
widest
47
"longissimus"?
longest
48
"magnus"?
large
49
"major"?
larger
50
"minor"?
smaller
51
"vastus"?
huge
52
"deltoid"?
triangular
53
"trapezius"?
trapezoid
54
"serratus"?
saw-toothed
55
"rhomboid"?
diamond-shaped
56
"orbicularis"?
circular
57
"pectinate"?
comblike
58
"piriformis"?
pear-shaped
59
"platys"?
flat
60
"quadratus"?
square, four-sided
61
"gracilis"?
slender
62
"flexor"?
decreases joint angle
63
"extensor"?
increases joint angle
64
"abductor"?
moves bone away from midline
65
"adductor"?
moves bone closer to midline
66
"levator"?
raises//elevates body part
67
"depressor"?
lowers/depresses body part
68
"supinator"?
turns palm anteriorly
69
"pronator"?
turns palm posteriorly
70
"sphincter"?
decreases size of an opening
71
"tensor"?
makes body part rigid
72
"rotator"?
rotates bone around longitudinal axis
73
"biceps"?
two origins
74
"triceps"?
three origins
75
"quadriceps"?
four origins
76
what is Bell's palsy?
- unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression - due to damage or disease of the facial (VII) nerve - inflammation of the facial nerve due to an ear infection, ear surgery that damages the facial nerve, or infection by the herpes simplex virus - entire side of the face droops in severe cases
77
what is the tongue?
- a highly mobile structure that is vital to digestive functions such as mastication, detection of taste, and swallowing - important in speech - tongue's mobility due to attachment to mandible, styloid process of temporal bone, and hyoid bone
78
what is dysphagia?
difficulty in swallowing - Some individuals are unable to swallow while others have difficulty swallowing liquids, foods, or saliva - Causes include nervous system disorders that weaken or damage muscles of deglutition (stroke, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy); infections; cancer of the head, neck, or esophagus; and injuries to the head, neck, or chest
79
Which is the strongest muscle of mastication?
the masseter
80
what is the anterolateral abdominal wall composed of?
skin, fascia, and four pairs of muscles: - external oblique - internal oblique - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis
81
how does the muscle arrangement of the external; internal abdominal obliques and the transversus abdominis contribute to the abdominal wall
- gives strength - muscle fascicles extend in a different direction - helps protect abdominal viscera
82
what is the most severely injured area for running-related injuries?
the knee
83
what are running-related injuries usually a result of?
faulty training techniques - overuse - lack of/improper warmup - running too much/soon
84
how are most running injuries treated?
PRICE P - protection R - rest I - ice C - compression E - elevation
85
what is compartment syndrome?
external/internal pressure constricts structures within a compartment, resulting in damaged blood vessels and reduction of blood supply (ischemia) to structures in compartment
86
what are some consequences of compartment syndrome if left untreated?
- nerves can suffer damage - muscles can develop scar tissue and contracture may result
87
what is plantar fasciitis?
painful condition on the **heel** - results from chronic irritation of plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the **calcaneus** - treatments: ice, stretching, weight loss, steroid injections, surgery

MAIN STUDY (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions