Ch7: Statistical Thinking and Application

Question 1

census

Answer 1

when the entire population is selected for the study

Question 2

parameter

Answer 2

a measure calculated from the population

Question 3

discrete data

Answer 3

data that contains only integers or counting numbers

Question 4

continuous data

Answer 4

any value over a particular range is possible

Question 5

levels of measurement (4)

Answer 5

1. nominal scale 2. ordinal scale 3. interval scale 4. ration scale

Question 6

common causes

Answer 6

part of the system ex. poor design, measurement error, poor maintenance

Question 7

special causes

Answer 7

unusual, not previously observed

Question 8

stable system

Answer 8

a system governed only by common causes

Question 9

problems created by variation (5)

Answer 9

1. increases unpredictability 2. reduces capacity utilization 3. contributes to a “bullwhip” effect 4. difficult to find root causes 5. difficult to detect potential problems early

Question 10

statistical spread

Answer 10

variability in a sample or population

Question 11

bell shaped, mean and standard deviation control?

Answer 11

mean: controls the center standard deviation: controls the spread

Question 12

68-95-99.7 rule

Answer 12

68% of observations fall within 1 sd of the mean 95% fall within 2 99.7% fall within 3

Question 13

standard distribution mean and sd

Answer 13

mean of 0 sd of 1

Question 14

point estimate

Answer 14

single value serves as “best guess” of an unknown population parameter

Question 15

confidence interval

Answer 15

the amount of uncertainty associated with a sample estimate of a population parameter

Question 16

2 fundamental management mistakes

Answer 16

1. treating special causes and common causes 2. treating common causes as special causes

Question 17

enumerative study

Answer 17

meant to explain the condition that exists with the existing population

Question 18

analytic study

Answer 18

focused on improvement of the process

Question 19

Answer 19

standard deviation

Question 20

Answer 20

z score

Question 21

Answer 21

finding a percentile

Question 22

Answer 22

point estimate q

Question 23

Answer 23

point estimate p

Question 24

Answer 24

confidence interval

Question 25

Answer 25

sample size with error