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Sociology > ch.7 deviance, crime, social control > Flashcards

ch.7 deviance, crime, social control Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is social control?

A

They are techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

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2
Q

Where does social control occur?

A

It occurs at all levels of society

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3
Q

What are important agents of social control?

A

Formal and informal norms (parents, peer groups, companies, government)

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4
Q

How does social control happen?

A

When groups, institutions and individuals expect from u proper behavior

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5
Q

What do the “expectations” carry with it?

A

It carries with it sanctions, if we fail to comply with norms we may face informal/formal norms

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6
Q

What are sanctions?

A

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

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7
Q

Examples for sanctions

A
  • Fear and ridicule (informal sanctions)
  • Fines and imprisonment (formal sanctions)
  • Death penalty (ultimate formal sanction)
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8
Q

What is the challenge to effective social control?

A

People get competing messages about how to behave

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9
Q

Example for a challenge to effective social control?

A

Expectations of our peers may be different from that of authorities

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10
Q

What was the Milgram experiment ?

A
  • An experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject
  • Two thirds of participants fell into category of obedient subjects
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11
Q

What is conformity?

A

Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior (related to peer influence)

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12
Q

What is obedience?

A

Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure (influence of authorities)

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13
Q

What is informal social control?

A

Its used casually to enforce norms

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14
Q

Examples for informal social control

A
  • Smiles, laughter, raised eyebrows, ridicule
  • Many cultures accept spanking children as appropriate social control even though it is illegal in many western societies
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15
Q

What is formal social control?

A

Its carried out by authorized agents

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16
Q

When is formal social control used?

A

Its sometimes used as a last resort when socialization and informal social control fails

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17
Q

How can informal social control undermine formal social control?

A

By encouraging people to violate social norms

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18
Q

When norms are so important to a society what happens?

A

They become formalized into laws

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19
Q

How did black define law?

A

It can be defined as governmental social control

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20
Q

How did Schur define law?

A

Its not a static body of rules that passes from one generation to the next Its a social process that reflects continuous change of standards of conduct in a given society

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21
Q

What do sociologists argue about law and society?

A

They argue that the legal order reflects values of those in a position to exercise authority

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22
Q

How are some laws controversial?

A
  • Employment of irregular immigrants
  • Use of marijuana for medical purposes
  • Prohibition of alcohol
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23
Q

When is it difficult to enforce laws?

A

If there exists little consensus supporting the norm

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24
Q

What is the primary source of conformity and obedience?

A

Socialization where we internalize norms as valid and desirable

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25
Q

What is the control theory?

A

Its the connection to members of society that leads people to systematically conform to society’s norms

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26
Q

We usually conform without much conscious thought to what?

A

To sanctions

27
Q

What is deviance?

A

Its a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

28
Q

Deviance does not mean what?

A

It does not mean perversion

29
Q

Deviance involves?

A

Involves violation of group norms which may or may not be formalized into law

30
Q

Deviance is subject to?

A

To social definition within a particular society and at a particular time

31
Q

How is deviance not objective?

A

Its subjective to social definition which can change throughout space and time

32
Q

What is deviant can change how?

A

It can change from society to society and from era to era

33
Q

Examples of deviance?

A

Smoking, homosexuality, child rearing

34
Q

What is stigma?

A

Labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

35
Q

Who coined the term stigma?

A

Erving Goffman

36
Q

How do functionalists see deviance?

A

They see it as a common part of human existence that can have positive consequences

37
Q

According to functionalists deviance can define?

A

It can define the limits of proper behavior as well as negative consequences

38
Q

According to Durkheim punishments established within a culture help define?

A

They help define acceptable behavior and contribute to stability

39
Q

During anomie what increases?

A

Crime rates increase

40
Q

What is Merton’s theory of deviance?

A

He adapted Durkheim’s notion of anomie to explain deviance

41
Q

What is the anomie theory of deviance?

A 
It has 5 basic forms of adaptation 
1- Conformist
2- Innovator 
3- Ritualist
4- Retreatist 
5- Rebel
42
Q

What is the interactionist perspective on deviance?

A
  • Cultural transmission theory

- Labeling theory

43
Q

What is cultural transmission?

A

Where humans learn how to behave in social situations whether properly or improperly

44
Q

What is differential association?

A

A process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

45
Q

What is the labelling theory?

A

It is an attempt to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not

46
Q

Labelling theory is also known as

A

Societal- reaction approach

47
Q

What is societal-reaction approach?

A

Its a response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance

48
Q

Agents of social control focus on?

A

They focus on people who violate norms

49
Q

Labeling of social control focus on?

A

Focus on police, probation, officers, psychiatrists, judges, teachers, employers, school officials,

50
Q

What is the social constructionist perspective?

A

Where deviance is the product of the culture we live in

51
Q

What is the conflict perspective on deviance?

A

People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs

52
Q

How do people with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs?

A

The entire criminal justice system treats suspects differently based on their racial, ethnic, or social class

53
Q

What is differential justice?

A

Difference in ways social control is exercised over different groups

54
Q

What is the feminist perspective on deviance?

A

Adler and Chesney-Lind suggest existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with men in mind (rape within marriage was not defined as such)

55
Q

What is crime?

A

Violation of criminal law for which governmental authority applies formal penalties

56
Q

What are 6 types of crime differentiated by sociologists?

A 
1- Victimless
2- Professional 
3- Organized
4- White-collar and technology-based 
5- Hate crimes
6- Transnational crime
57
Q

What are victimless crimes?

A

A willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

58
Q

What is professional crime?

A

Committed by a professional criminal (a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

59
Q

What is organized crime?

A

Is crime committed by groups that regulate relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

60
Q

Organized crime dominates what type of world?

A

It dominates world of illegal business just as large corporations dominate conventional businesses

61
Q

Organized crime serves as means for what?

A

Serves as means of upward mobility for groups of people struggling to escape poverty

62
Q

What is White-collar and technology-based crime?

A
  • White collar crime= illegal acts committed in the course of business activities
  • Computer crime= use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud
  • Corporate crime= any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government
63
Q

What is hate crime?

A

Where an offender is motivated to choose a victim based on religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, and when evidence shows that hatred prompted offender to commit the crime

64
Q

What is transnational crime?

A

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders

Sociology (6 decks)

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