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Sociology > ch.3 culture > Flashcards

ch.3 culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is culture?

A

Its the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

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2
Q

What does culture include?

A

It includes ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people

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3
Q

Culture does not refer to what?

A

It does not refer to fine arts or refined intellectual taste

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4
Q

What is the largest form of human group?

A

Society

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5
Q

What is cultural universal?

A

Certain common practices and beliefs that all societies have developed

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6
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Its the tendency to assume that ones own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to others

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7
Q

In ethnocentrism how are other cultures viewed as?

A

They are viewed as deviations from the normal

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8
Q

How is the view of the world influenced?

A

Its influenced by the society we were raised in

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9
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Its viewing and understanding peoples behaviors from the perspective of their own culture

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10
Q

Different social contexts give rise to

A

Different norms and values

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11
Q

What is language?

A

Is one of the major elements of culture the foundation of every culture

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12
Q

Language is an important component of which capital?

A

Its an important component of cultural capital

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13
Q

What shapes language?

A

Culture and reality

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14
Q

What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis for language?

A

That language shapes the interpretation of reality

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15
Q

How does our culture shape our language?

A
  • Culture has an important effect on the development of language
  • As culture changes our language changes too
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16
Q

According to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis language precedes thought therefore

A
  • Language shapes our interpretation of reality

- Grammar and symbols(words) organize the world for us

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17
Q

What are symbols?

A

They form the basis for human communication like words, objects, gestures

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18
Q

What are norms?

A

They are established standards of behavior maintained by a society

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19
Q

What are the types of norms?

A
  • Formal norms
  • Informal norms
  • Mores
  • Folkways
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20
Q

What are formal norms?

A

They are well described written norms their violation is usually strictly sanctioned (laws are formal norms)

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21
Q

What are informal norms?

A

They are generally understood but not precisely recorded (standards of proper dress)

22
Q

What are mores?

A

They are norms that are deemed highly necessary for the welfare of the society, their violation can lead to serious penalty (murder, child abuse)

23
Q

What are folkways?

A

They are norms governing everyday life. violation may be more often, does not raise serious concern

24
Q

What are sanctions?

A

They are rewards and penalties for social behavior regarding a social norm

25
Q

There are positive and negative sanctions like what?

A

Pay raise, medal, word of gratitude, fame, fines, threats, imprisonment, humiliation

26
Q

What are values?

A

They are collective conceptions of what is considered good, proper, desirable, or bad, improper or undesirable

27
Q

How do values influence peoples behaviors?

A

They influence peoples behaviors and are used in evaluating others behaviors

28
Q

There are two types of values?

A
  • General values

- Specific values

29
Q

What are general values?

A

Love, democracy, health

30
Q

What are specific values?

A

Respecting parents, owning a home

31
Q

What is culture war?

A

Its the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements

32
Q

What is dominant ideology?

A

Its a set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful interests

33
Q

What are the set of beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful interests?

A
  • Social interests
  • Economic interests
  • Political interests
34
Q

What is dominant perspective?

A

Its a dominant ideology that has major social significance

35
Q

What are the two social processes where cultures develop and change through?

A
  • Innovation

- Diffusion

36
Q

What is innovation?

A

Its a process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Its a process by which cultural items spread from group to group

38
Q

What is discovery?

A

Its making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality like the DNA molecule

39
Q

What is invention?

A

Its existing cultural items combined into a form that didnt exist before like the automobile, factory production, democracy

40
Q

What are the different means diffusion can occur through?

A

Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, influence of mass media, tourism, internet, fast food restaurants

41
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

Its a process through which principles of fast-food industry have been dominating increasingly more sectors in the society like marketing techniques

42
Q

What is Globalization?

A

Its a series of processes that work to make modern nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent

43
Q

What are examples for globalization?

A
  • Economic and political forces
  • Long-distance communication
  • Local people must increasingly cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems
44
Q

What is technology?

A

Information about how to use material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires

45
Q

Technology does not only accelerate diffusion of scientific innovations but also transmits culture globally

A

English language and North American culture dominate the internet such dominance influences the direction of cultural diffusion

46
Q

What is material culture?

A

Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives including food houses factories and raw materials

47
Q

What is nonmaterial culture?

A

It refers to ways of using material objects, as well as to customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication

48
Q

What is culture lag?

A

Its the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

49
Q

What are dominant cultures?

A

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society

50
Q

What are subcultures?

A

A small culture that exists within a larger, dominant culture

51
Q

Countercultures

A

Deliberately oppose aspects of the larger culture, usually among the young

52
Q

What is culture shock?

A

The feeling of surprise, disorientation and uncertainty (even fear) experienced by a person in a culture that is different from their own

Sociology (6 decks)

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