ch7 cold war develops Flashcards
What is Elbe Day?
1945
- 1 US Army Patrols -> Torgau (small German town)
- Realised Soviet troops nearby
- Wave US flag at them
- Soviet commander shake hand w/ US commander in half damaged bridge
- US Newspapers extensively featured
Symbol of Soviet-US cooperations -> defeat Germany
How was Europe post WW2?
- Post war ruins
- Shift in global superpower
like earthquake but worse
Post war ruins in Europe
WW2
Aft 1945:
- 36mil Europeans killed
- infastructure (e.g. railways) destroyed
- gas, electricity, water bye
- malnutrition, disease, no medicine
- homelessness, displacement
S__ G__ S__ after WW2
Shift, Global Superpowers
1. US, USSR
2. based on geographical size, population, military prowess
3. Britian exhaust rescources, ppl, virtually bankrupt
4. France occupied Germany (1940), lost former power
5. Germany lost WW2, ruins
Britian wasnt invaded
USA vs USSR
Early tensions
- competing ideologies
- Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
- “Marriage of Convinience”
Early Russo-USA tensions
C___ I___
Competing Ideologies
1. USA politicians, bussinessman h8 communism, threaten their way, life
2. USSR believe USA act selfish, build own economic, political influence
- competing ideologies
- Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
- “Marriage of Convinience”
Early Russo-USA tensions
S___, M___ b4 1___
Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
1. USSR Communist Manefesto: revolution, overthrow capitalist states, USA alarmed
2. US use Germany as barrier against communist (ToV)
3. US help whites in Whites VS Reds civil war
4. Red Scare 1920, US gov arrest many ppl, accuse many innocent immigrants from Russia, communist agents
5, Appeasement -> Let Germany go against USSR.
6, Nazi-soviet non aggression
- competing ideologies
- Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
- “Marriage of Convinience”
Early Russo-USA tensions
“M__ o__ C__”
“Marriage of Convinience”
Britian, USA, USSR emergency arrangment against Germany, common enemy
- competing ideologies
- Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
- “Marriage of Convinience”
How T__ C__, Operation Overlord cause Stalin sus US, Britian
Tehran Conference, 1943
Stalin urge US, Britian open 2nd front, fight Germany,
Soviet troops face immense pressure solo
Operation Overlord 1944
Took 1 yr, US, Britian open 2nd front
Stalin sus they wanna weaken USSR + minimise their losses
Two conferences “WW2 Big 3” held abt Germany stuff
1st: Yalta, Germany defeat imminent
2nd: Potsdam, Germany defeated
Post WW2 Conferences abt Germany
Y__ C__: USA views
Yalta Conference, imminent German defeat
- Peace, safety, prosperity (alarmed by Communist Manifesto, Soviet-supported communist parties)
- Capitalism, democracy, model for international development
- Recover West Europe (trade disrupted ww2)
Post WW2 Conferences abt Germany
Y__ C__: Soviet views
Yalta Conference, imminent German defeat
- Establish buffer states, East Europe (USSR invaded twice thru Poland, 20 mil Soviet dead, cities mainly destroyed)
- Make East Europe friendly
- Massive war reparations from Germany (repair own economy, Germany cannot invade)
Yalta Conference Agreements
GERMANY
1. 4 zones Germany, Germany capital Berlin divided, 4 zone
2. Nazi war criminals tried b4 international court
3. German liberated territories hold free elections
USSR
1. USSR enter war against Japan when Germany surrender
2. Post WW2 join United Nations
3. Eastern Europe, soviet sphere influence, future security USSR
Yalta Conference
Disagreements
Disagreements
Stalin: post-war Poland move westward (buffer)
Final terms
Stalin: cannot interfere Greece
Churchill + Roosevelt: Allow Post-war Poland move westward
Increase tension in P__ C__
(Post ww2 conference abt Germany)
Potsdam Conference
1. Britian scared USSR jepoardise free world
2. Change in Leadership
3. Increase Soviet Control
4. Manhattan Project
5. Disagreement Over Germany
Leaders put up united front in front of media in publicity photos
Post ww2 conference abt Germany
BEFORE P__ C__
(B__ s__ U___)
Potsdam Conference, Britian sus USSR
1. Stalin clash w/ Churchill on various Issues
2. Churchill wrote -> Roosevelt, worried USSR jeopardise free world
3. Churchill order army general, plan against possible USSR war
Churchill -> then British PM
Roosevelt -> then US President
Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(U__ C__ L__)
Potsdam conference, Undergo change leaders
1. US -> Harry Truman (Roosevelt died)
2. Truman rose 2 power when wartime alliance btwn USSR, USA+Britian broken
3. Concerned abt USSR threat 2 Western Europe
4. Churchill lost election, 1/2way thru Potsdam, replaced Clement Attlee
5. Both younger, less experience
Clement Attlee -> then British PM
Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(I__ S__ C__)
Potsdam conference, increasing soviet control
Stalin Salami Tactics get rid, other parties:
1. support establishment of coalitions when popular
2. work w/ other parties in beginning
3. gain influence, supress
ban other parties, exile leaders
Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(M__ P__)
Manhattan Proj
1. Truman -> Stalin atomic bomb, intimidate
2. Stalin know b4hand, spies, order Soviet Technicians, scientists develop atomic bomb
3. Stalin nvr react, didnt want show Truman he concerned
Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(D__ O__ G__)
Disagreement over Germany
1. Stalin wanna complete cripple German (ToV)
2. Stalin wan compensation, Truman agree, change his mind, suspicious (tryna protect Germany as ally against USSR)
3. Truman sus USSR wanna control whole Europe, especially when he set up loyal communist govts. in Eastern Europe
Example of salami tactics being used (USSR)
Jan Masaryk
1. Passionate democrat
2. Won over communists, several elections
3. Phone tapped, followed by Soviet agents
4. Package sent 2 him w/ bomb
5. Found dead below bedroom window (many historians think -> killed)
Truman reactions when USSR controlling East Europe
- evidence that Stalin wanna build empire, wanna do smth abt it
- Cannot directly, US ppl wary drag US, more international politics
- Churchill greatly respect in US, resigned alr, Truman ask Churchill give speech in USA, 1946 gave it, warn abt USSR dangers, “Iron Curtain”
- Anger USSR, Alarm US ppl, gave Truman attention, popularity
after USSR, USA rise,
how is the world like?
Increasingly bi-polar
bipolar:
What is Long Telegram? How did it influence Truman?
Document that influenced Truman -> aggressive USSR, develop…
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
1. Truman announced, provide military equipment, advice -> democratic countries
2. containment, USSR
Post WW2
development in Turkey, Greece
How they influence Truman?
- Greek royalists vs Greek Communist Party
- 1946 civil war
- British didnt have resources control situation, withdrew, Truman faced prospect, another European country -> communism
- Stalin try gain influence -> Turkey (Turkish Straits, USSR ships sail Black Sea -> Mediterranean Sea)
- Truman concern Stalin use Turkey spread communist influence, Middle East
- Turkey, huge oil reserves
Truman actions upon finding out Turkey, Greece face prospect of falling into Communism
- Win US Public, Turkey, Greece support
- Marshall Plan
Post WW2
Truman’s reactions 2 stem communism upon seeing Turkey, Greece developments
W__ US P__, T___, G__, S___
Win US Public, Turkey, Greece Support
1. exaggerate scale, Communist threat, Greece, Turkey
2. American newspapers support
3. US -> Greece, Turkey aid bill ($400mil)
4. Secure Turkey, US ally, propped up Greece monarchist govt.
5. Made it clear, US won’t withdraw, world affairs, actively resisting communism
Stalin angry as he kept his promise to not help communists in greece
Worsen relations
What is Marshall Plan?
Marshall Plan
1. Truman, US mighty economic power, stop communism
2. US secretary, state, George Marshall, come up economic aid plan
3. $13bil -> food, machinery e.g. shipped 2 democratic European countries
Marshall plan
Truman ulterior motives
- Western Europe states, bind closer tgt against Communism
- help fragmented European industries recover, recieve US exports
- UK, France (US greatest political allies) recieve greatest funding
What did Marshall Plan cause?
- Economic Miracle, 1950s West Germany
- Stalin sus Truman
- Comecon
- Cominform
Marshall Plan Caused…?
S__ s__ T__ (h__ w__ G__)
Stalin sus Truman (hooligans w/ Germany)
1. trying to rebuild West Germany’s fragmented economies, work tgt with West -> advance nearer to Eastern Europe and threaten USSR
- trying to rebuild West Germany who attacked USSR 2x to use against the USSR
MARSHALL PLAN REACTION FROM STALIN
Comecon
Comecon
1. Ensure satelite states free from US influence, control
2. Members trade mostly w/ one another, rather than West
3. Comecon favour USSR states more than other members
4. Poland forced trade coal 1/10 open market price
Satellite States (Post WW2): E.g. Poland
Declared independance but actually heavily influenced politically by other parties
MARSHALL PLAN REACTION FROM STALIN
Cominform
Cominform
1. Publish propaganda
2. unite communist states
3. tighten control, other satelite states
4. Stalin told Eastern Europe states wat policies, follow e.g. rej financial support, USA, cut off trade w/ other non-Cominform countries
5. Yugoslavia (Marshall Tito) debate only
Marshall Tito popular enf, no need USSR
has his own rendition of Communism
both Tito + Stalin long lasting feud
How was Germany eventually split
Morgenthau Plan (1944) by USA
1. dismantle German industries, split into 4 zone (British, Soviet, French, US)
- Berlin in Soviet Zone split into 4 respective also
- Truman be like, “Mayb Germany can help me against USSR”, Britian, France ain’t got enf rescources, control their zones, want Germany rebuild
- 1948: US, France, Britian merge their zones, “Trizone”
How did US, Britian France merge Zones into TriZone cause Stalin Sus?
US seemed like fragment Germany, now why they merging it back?
US, French, British merge their zones -> West Germany
Stalin Reaction
1948 Berlin Blockade, try force Allies outta Berlin
1. USSR cut rail, road links from Trizone -> West Berlin
2. disrupt water, power supply
Trizone (Later West Germany)
Truman’s reaction to Berlin Blockade
Berlin Airlift
coal, food, medicine -> air
Western Media -> courage, endurance
Eastern Media -> unsafe constant flights
Stalin lift Berlin Blockade when + consequence
1949 Berlin Blockade Lifting
- Europe’s 2 camps
- Federal Republic Germany // West Germany
- German Democratic Republic // East Germany
- Berlin: East, West w/ Berlin Wall
Berlin wall was a concrete wall later demolished
Trizone is an economic bloc (1948)
West Germany (1949) before Berlin Blockade lifted
Berlin Blockade lifted (1949)
Berlin Wall
Checkpt Charlie
only place Berlin wall didn’t block
How NATO form
height, Berlin blockade
Western powers sign treaty (NATO)
- any member attacked = go war
- NATO countries provide US military bases
1949 important Communist development
- USSR nuke complete
- China ruled Mao Zedong (ccp)
Why was Warsaw pact enacted?
- West Germany asked join NATO
- West Germany rearm
Warsaw pact terms, year
1955 Warsaw Pact
1. any member attacked, defend
How warsaw pact affect the world
- USSR command, all armies, satelite states
- tension increase, each side, plans, stop other side invade
- e.g. thousands US troops station West Germany
- Soviet forces crush protests, uprisings, force (e.g. revolt in Hungary)
Who wrote long telegram? Why?
US adoption, containment policy
1. George F. Kennan -> US diplomat
when is cold war starting defined as?
- 1917, USSR formed, competing ideologies
- 1945 Potsdam Conference
- 1948 Berlin Blockade
cold war keyword
america
- capitalist imperalism
- depicted as fat, greedy
- win-win situation
ussr
- workers’ attire represent communism
