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History > Ch1 Paris Peace Conference > Flashcards

Ch1 Paris Peace Conference Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened in the late 1800s cause Germany aggressive

A
  1. When Wilhelm II suceeded, felt that Germany needed to:
    - Assert itself more, world stage
    - Get out of threat of encirclement, Britian, France and Russia

3 strong tie Austria-Hungary who built a navy

When Kaiser Wilhelm I died, Wilhelm II suceeded;

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1
Q

Triple Alliance VS Triple Entete members

A

Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

Entete: Britian, France, Russia

MEMO
Triple Alliance is, ironically, the reverse of the Allies’ good friend, Britian.

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2
Q

How did the Triple Alliances’ formation cause the formation of the Triple Entete?

A

1 Germany’s actions of strengthening ties with Austria-Hungary
Alarmed: France and Russia
- Strengthens their army in response
- France agreed to alliance with Britian
- Russia signed agreement with Britian in 1907

2 Germany’s interest of expanding Navy
Alarmed: Britian
- Signed agreement with Russia in 1907
- Formed Alliance with France
- Naval arms race with Germany

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3
Q

Why was Wilhelm II suspicious of the actions of the Triple Alliance?

A
  1. Alliances and spike in numbers of army looked suspicious

LINK BACK
1. France and Russia strengthened their army
2. France Allianced with Britian
3. Russia signed an agreeement with Britian in 1907

These were what specifically made Wilhelm suspicious

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4
Q

When did Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia?

A

1908

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5
Q

Why did Russia protest against the annexation of Bosnia?

A

It was a threat to the neighboring Serbia, which was a key ally of Russia

THINK ABOUT IT
Russia definetly wants to protect it’s key ally. So if Serbia felt threatened, of course Russia would step up for Serbia

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6
Q

Why did Russia back down in protesting against the annexation?

A

Russia was not prepared to risk war against Germany over Bosnia

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7
Q

Did Germany support Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia?

A

Yes.

Germany made it clear they would support Austria-Hungary

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8
Q

What was the trigger of WW1?

A

Assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the future ruler of Austria-Hungary by a Bosnia-Serb Nationalist

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9
Q

2x more

When was Archduke Franz Fredinand assasinated?

A

28 June 1914

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10
Q

How did Austria-Hungary leverage the opportunity given by the Bosnia-Serb Nationalist’s assasinating the future ruler of Austria-Hungary?

A

Austria-Hungary:
1. Consolidated their control, Bosnia
2. Declared war, Serbia

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11
Q

What happened after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia?

A
  1. Germany support Austria-Hungary, declared war, Serbia
  2. Russia had, support Serbia, key ally
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12
Q

Who joined the Triple Entete in 1914?

A

Japan

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13
Q

Who switched from 1 alliance to the other in 1915?

A

Italy. Switched from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entete.

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14
Q

Why did the country switch sides in 1915 during WW1? What was it’s motive?

A

Italy hoped that it would gain more benefits when the war ended

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15
Q

Which country fought for the triple entete in 1917

A

USA

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16
Q

When was the Treaty, Brest Litovsk signed?

A

March 1918

Count no. of letter
Treaty Brest Litovsk

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17
Q

What did the countries that signed the Treaty, Brest Litovsk agree to?

A
  1. Russia give Germany large areas, land, coal mines, losing 1/3 population, rescources
  2. Russia, pay 6 billion marks, Germany
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18
Q

Was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk really a treaty with both parties’ agreeement?

A

No.
Russia was forced by Germany to sign this treaty

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19
Q

When was Armistice signed?

A

November 1918

same year as brest litovsk

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20
Q

WW1 Final Death Toll

A

40 Million

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21
Q

What happened to the Kaiser after WW1?

A

Abdicated

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22
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on Britian and France?

A
  1. Both countries became weaker
  2. Cost lives, money and industrial loss
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23
Q

Russia 2 revolutions during WW1, and why?

A

2 Revolutions
- Tsar overthrown, democratic Provisional Government
- Bolshevik Party (Vladimer Lenin) overthrew Provisional Government

LINK
Likely because of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- Forced to give up 1/3 of population and rescources
- Forced to give 6 billion marks
- Forced to give up large areas of industrial land and coal mines

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24
Q

Bolsheviks’ idealism

A

Communism

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25
Q

Who are opposers of the Reds?

A

the Whites

  • Landowners
  • Army commanders
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26
Q

Whites VS Red civil war date

A

1917

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27
Q

Who did USA, Japan, Britian and France support in the Russia Civil War during WW1? Why?

A

They supported the Whites.

LINK
Japan, USA, Britian and France are democratic and capitalist.

Communism are the opposite ideals

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28
Q

Reds VS Whites

Who won the Russian Civil War?

What political ideals did Russia identify with? Which union did Russia join?

A

the Reds won.

Russia identified with communism (became a communist state)

Russia joined USSR/Soviet Union

29
Q

Hint: Which countries became weakened?

Who became the greatest world superpower after WW1?

A

USA.

LINK BACK
Britian and France was weakened and the war cost them money and people. Germany’s economy was already in shambles. Russia had gone through 1 civil war and two revolutions

30
Q

How did WW1 affect Japan? What role did Japan play in WW1?

A
  • Japan agreed to protect British Colonies
  • Did not take part in fighting
  • No war damage
  • Could build it’s economy
31
Q

Year of the Paris Peace Conference

A

1919

right after armistice

32
Q

Aim of Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Legally, officially end WW1
  • Make treaties between victorious and defeated countries

LINK BACK
Armstice was only an agreement to stop fighting, WW1 was technically still going on

33
Q

Victourious and Defeated countries of WW1

A

Victorious -> Britian, France, Italy, USA
Defeated -> Austria-Hungary, Germany

LINK BACK
Triple Alliance -> Italy switched sides, Russia pulled out

Triple Entete -> Japan agreed to protect Britian but ends up not fighting, so it is not included

34
Q

Main 3 leaders of Paris Peace Conference

A

Aka the Big Three

USA, Britian, France

35
Q

Big Three Leaders

A

USA - Woodrow Wilson
Britian - David Lloyd George
France - Georges Clemenceau

36
Q

What did the leaders of the Big Three have to take into account?

A
  • Their own ideals
  • Their values
  • The peoples’ opinions (if not they may not be elected if they are unpopular)
37
Q

USA leaders’ ideals and values (post WW1)

A

Woodrow Wilson

Ideals:
- 14 points, League of Nations
- Germany shld punished, cannot destroy it completely
- Self-determination
Values:
- Idealist
- Strong sense of moral purpose

38
Q

What is the 14 points (just the important ones) and league of nations?

A

14 Points (important ones)
- Serbia -> access, sea
- No secret treaties
- Poland, become independant state with access -> sea
- Self-determination for ppl
- All countries work towards disarmament
- France regain Alsace-Lorraine
- League of Nations set up

WHAT IS THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS?
international body where disputes btwn countries be peacefully settled

39
Q

What does USA leader want to do with Germany (post WW1)?

A

Woodrow Wilson

  • Germany, punished not destroyed
  • Strengthen democracy
  • Replace old leaders, democratic, peaceful leaders
40
Q

What is self-determination?

A
  • indiv. countries rule themselves,
  • no colonies, empires

LINK
opposed by Britian because Britian is a colony

41
Q

What did the other leaders of the Paris Peace Conference think about the USA Leader’s ideas?

A
  • Too “soft” on Germany
  • Self-determination was naive and impractical
42
Q

USA people’s ideals (towards Germany)

A
  • Germany was responsible for the war and should be punished
43
Q

Britian leaders’ ideals (Post WW1)

A

David Lloyd George

Ideals:
- wants the best for Britian

44
Q

What does “wanting the best for Britian” means for David Lloyd George?

A
  1. Protecting Britian
  2. Rebuilding Britian’s economic prosperity
  3. Maintain the British Empire

LINK
1. is why David Lloyd George opposed Wilson’s plans for free seas (14pts)
3. Is why David Lloyd George opposed Wilson’s plans for self-determination

45
Q

How severly did David Lloyd George want to punish Germany? Why?

A

He had to appear as if he wanted a harsher treaty, while actually trying to reduce severity of the terms (trying not to cripple Germany’s army and economy too badly)

Reasons:
- Germany can be used as a buffer (protect) against the rise of communism in Europe
- Germany was the 2nd biggest trading market for Britian (economical benefits)

46
Q

The British People’s ideals (towrads Germany)

A
  • Germany was responsible for the war and should be punished
47
Q

France leader’s ideals and values

A

Georges Clemenceau

Ideals:
- Not let Germans invade his country again
- Fulfill the people’s wish to punish Germany

48
Q

How severly did France’s leader want to punish Germany? Why?

A

Very severely.
- France had been invaded twice in 1870, 1914, want to prevent future threats and invasions from Germany
- France had the largest proportion of deaths, totalling 1.7 million, many wounded and missing
- People in France wished for punishment of Germany for losses

49
Q

France People’s Ideals towards Germany post WW1

A
  • avenge the past
50
Q

What are the two French Leaders’ concerns towards Germany being a future threat to them

A
  • Germany has a young, larger population compared to France (65million vs 40million)
  • No fighting in Germany territories, regions undamaged unlike France

inferred portion
1. Young, larger population means that more young and healthy people fit for fighting a future war

  1. No fighting means they can recover faster
51
Q

What does Clemeceau want to do with Germany? (Post WW1)

A
  1. Germany broken up into a collection of smaller states
  2. Weaken Germany as much as possible
52
Q

Compromises Big Three made in the ToV

A

Wilson
- Modified 14 points

David Lloyd George + Clemenceau
- Accepted self-determinaton

Clemenceau
- Gave up idea of breaking up Germany into smaller states

53
Q

Big Three’s gains from the ToV

A

Wilson
- Self-Determination
- Modified 14 pts

Clemenceau
- Reparations** + Rhineland Demilitarized + Coalfields in Saar

** reparations elaborated later

54
Q

Why did Georges Clemeceau and David Lloyd George have reservations about self-determination?

A

Both
Felt that it was difficult to
- Create states
- Let so many nationalities rule the states

David Lloyd George
- Somewhat threatening to British Empire as Britian ruled many countries

THINK ABOUT IT
Self- determination is about letting countries rule themselves and not go under a colony. As the British Empire is somewhat a colony, it will feel threatened by this though it only applies to Central and Eastern Europe (maybe one day they will ask me to do it too? kinda feeling ykyk)

LINK
another thing David Lloyd George was unhappy about was free access to the seas as he wanted to protect Britian from potential attacks from the seas

55
Q

ToV Land splits

A

Taken away from Germany -> Poland
- Upper Silesia
- Polish Corridor, West Prussia, Posen

Taken away from Germany -> France
- Alsace-Lorraine

Demilitarized
- Rhineland

Run by LoN
- Saar (for 15 years) (coal mines -> France)
- Danzig (seaport for Poland)

Independant States
- Lithuania
- Latvia
- Estonia

56
Q

ToV overall terms

A
  1. War Guilt Clause
  2. Reparations
  3. Territory Changes
  4. Armed Forces
  5. LoN
57
Q

What is the War Guilt Clause?

A
  • Germany accepts total blame for starting the war
58
Q

What are the Reparations that Germany has to make in the ToV?

A
  • Pay 6.6Billion Pounds to Allies
59
Q

Germany’s overall land, population losses and restrictions in making alliances and what happened to it’s overseas empire

A

Losses of Land, Population, Overseas Empire and Restrictions
- 10% land lost
- 12.5% population poof
- Forbidden to make alliance with Austria
- Give up it’s overseas Empire to French/British

60
Q

Were Germans initially aware of the ToV?

A

Not at all.

Only after the terms were discussed they were made aware of it

61
Q

When ToV was released, what did the chancellor do? What did the successor do?

A

Chancellor
he rather resign than sign the ToV

Sucessor
Asked for small revisions, denied, Allies said sign or risk invasion

62
Q

How and when was ToV Signed?

A

1919
German Delegation sent, sign ToV

63
Q

What did the German call the harsh terms of the Treaty?

A

a Diktat

**harsh settlement forced on a nation

64
Q

Why were the Germans resentful towards the ToV’s War Guilt Clause?

A
  • They felt they alone didn’t start the war
65
Q

Why were the Germans resentful towards the ToV Disarmament?

A

100k army size is very small
- batters pride of Germany
- Allies weren’t disarmed so much
- Less capability to defend themselves

Comparison:
SGP army is abt 500k+ish?
Germany is so much bigger, 100k Army is not enough for them, clearly

66
Q

Why were the Germans resentful towards the ToV territory split?

A
  • blow to German pride, economy
  • Germans have to be ruled by other govts.
67
Q

Why were Germans resentful about the League of Nations?

A
  • felt further insulted by being left out from an international community

LINK
In ToV, Germans not allowed to join League

68
Q

Short Term impact of the Treaty on Germany

A
  • Germans thought army winning, felt backstabbed by Jews, communists, Weimar govt.

EXPLANATION
Actually a lot of Germans thought they were winning WW1 but it was the opposite. They thought the politicans were weak, and therefore felt bitterness towards Weimar

69
Q

Medium Term Impact of Treaty of Versailles

A
  • political, economic crisis
  • lagged behind in reparation
  • Occupation of Ruhr made it worse

all lead to: hyperinflation. blame Weimar govt.

LINK
6.6Billion Pounds expected as reparation

70
Q

Example of 1 of the 4 treaties discussed in Europe (besides ToV)

A

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- forbid Anchluss (austria-germany union)

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