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History > Ch4 Outbreak of WWII in Europe > Flashcards

Ch4 Outbreak of WWII in Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Peace Paris Conference take place?

A

1919

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2
Q

How did the worldwide economic depression happen?

A
  • world trade boom
  • USA provided loans stabilise Germany’s economy
  • US stock market crashed
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3
Q

Why were international tensions low before 1929?

A
  • economy flourshing
  • League of Nations effective
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4
Q

When did the Great Depression occur?

A

1929

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5
Q

What are the 4 main effects of great depression?

A
  • protectionism
  • calling in loans
  • rearmament
  • radicalism
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6
Q

What is protectionism in the Great Depression? Which countries did this?

A

What is it?
- introducing tariffs protect own industry
- limit stop imports
- trade volume fall worldwide

which countries?
- Britian, France, USA

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7
Q

Calling in loans in G.D. -> Which countries participated in it?

A

Which countries did it
- USA (Call loans from Germany)
- Lead, collapse business
- Caused mass unemployment

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8
Q

Which countries participated in Rearmament during the Great Depression? Why did they do that?

A

Countries
- Britian
- Germany
- Italy
- Japan
Why?
- create jobs

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9
Q

Which countries participated in Radicalism? What are their regimes called?

A

Germany
- Nazi Party
Italy
- More aggressive (fasicist)

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10
Q

When did Fasicism rise?

A

1930

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11
Q

Who was the leader of Italy, what were his ideals, and how did he use the Great Depression to fit his ideals?

A

Mussolini
- Want Italian Empire arnd North Africa
- Discussed alliance w/ Hitler
- Used Depression, opportunity, tighten grip on banks, industries

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12
Q

Overarching things that caused the collapse of European Peace

A

Authoritarian Regimes

Failures of LoN (1930)
- Failure, Disarmament
- Abyssnian Crisis
- Allowing Anchuluss, Austria, Remil. Rhineland

Policy, Appeasement
- Munich Agreement

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

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13
Q

What is the Washington Naval Conference? When was it? Was it a success?

A

1921, success!
- Intiated by USA, not LoN
- Limit size, number of warships held by Britian, France, Japan, USA

  • Ratio of Tonnange of Captial Ships set
    USA:Britian:Japan:France:Italy
    5 : 5 : 3 : 1.6 : 1.6
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14
Q

What is the Locarno Treaties? When was it, and was it successful?

A

1920s, partially successful
- Outside, LoN
- 7 countries inclu Britian, Czech, Germany
- Weimar govt. agree, settle any disputes w/ countries, thru League
- Germany accept Western borders, demilitarised Rhineland

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15
Q

What was the League Comission to prepare for World Disarmament Conference? Was it successful or failed?

A

Failed
- Britian, France refused to co-operate

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16
Q

What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact? Was it successful or failed?

A
  • Outside of LoN, between 15 countries
  • Agreement that force should not be used to settle disputes
  • HOWEVER No clear way to enforce this pact.
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17
Q

What is the world disarmament conference? When was it held? What happened during the Conference?

A

1932
- tried to control offensive weapons, prohibit bombing of civilians, chemical walfare

  • all countries cannot agree on what offensive/defensive weapons are
  • all attempts to abolish planes capable of bombing, chemical warfare unsuccessful
  • Individual countries raise their own particular issues
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18
Q

how did world disarmament conference end (talking about Germany)? was it a success or failure?

A

failure
- ToV should b fairer -> Germany (everyone)
- disarm, level of Germany, let Germany rearm
- Everyone hesitant, first option, France hesitant, second option
- France offered larger armed forces than Germany if Germany was allowed to rearm, or Britian, USA guarantee to fight with France
- disagreements continued, Germany accuse others of hypocrisy
- 1932 Germany put out proposal for all countries disarm down to it’s level
- Conference failed, agree on “equality”, Germany had enough
- walked out

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19
Q

Why did Disarmament Conference happen again at 1933 even after it broke up at 1932?

A

Recall: Broke up bcoz’ of disagreements n failure to agree on what is “equality”
- Adolf Hitler seemed interested to disarm
- behind the scenes League officials work with Germany + other major powers

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20
Q

What did Hitler do during the Disarmament Conference?

A
  • Start rearmament plan
  • said Germany wouldn’t rearm, other nations disarm in 5yrs
  • Put pressure on France
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21
Q

Why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssnia?

A
  • Bring back glory days of Roman Empire
  • Friendship with Nazi Germany enboldened him to invade
  • Revenge for humiliating defeat against Abyssnian tribesmen
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21
Q

How did Mussolini try to negotiate for Abyssnia?

A

1 Negotiate with the League for Abyssnia
2 Move forces into land next to Abyssnia

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21
Q

What was Mussolini’s first act of aggression against Abyssnia?

A
  • claiming Wal-Wal Oasis from Abyssnia as there was a dispute over it
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22
Q

What were Hitler’s true intentions when attending the Conference?

A

Get justification to rearm Germany since other countries wouldn’t disarm

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23
Q

What is the Stresa Front? When was it signed?

A

Stresa Front, 1935
(just before Abyssnian Crisis)

Coalition -> Italy, Britian, France, oppose Germany’s intent to rearm

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24
Q

How did the British public react after realising that Mussolini wanted to negotiate for Abyssnia? What did the politicians do in response?

A
  • Public outcry

Reaction
British Foreign Secetary: Made speech to League supporting rights of small nations, collective security

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25
Q

Why was Britian and France scared of upsetting Mussolini? What did they do?

A
  • Potential ally against Hitler
  • Don’t want Mussolini to ally w Hitler

what did they do
- blame neither side for Wal-Wal Incident
- Put forward plan to give Mussolini some parts of Abyssnia (rejected by Mussolini)
- Hoare-Laval Pact

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26
Q

What is the Hoare-Laval Pact? When was it discussed?

A

1935
- Secretly discussed Pact to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssnia to call off invasion
- Pact was leaked to French and British, felt it was treachery
- Hoare, Laval sacked, pact dropped

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27
Q

When did Mussolini invade Abyssnia? What was the outcome?

A

1935
Abyssnia lost

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28
Q

How did the League react to Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssnia?

A

Discuss sanctions
- League ban arms sales, all loans, export of rubbber, metals, all imports from Italy
- stop oil sales

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29
Q

Were the League’s sanctions towards Mussolini effective? Why?

A

not effective
- America increased supplies of oil to Italy
- Suez Canal still open to Italy’s supply ships
- Britian, France afraid of closing Canal

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30
Q

Why didn’t Britian and France close the Suez Canal?

A
  • Scared that closing canal result in war w/ Italy
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31
Q

How many countries protested against Mussolini’s actions of invading Abyssnia?

A

6

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32
Q

When did Italy conquer Abyssnia? What happened to the Abyssnian Emperor?

A
  • May 1936: Mussolini conquers Abyssnia
  • Abyssnian Emperor went into exile
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33
Q

Why did the League lose credibility in Hitler and the public’s eyes through the Abyssnian Crisis?

A
  • Failure to impose sancitons
  • Leak of Hoare-Laval Pact
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34
Q

When was Anglo-German Naval Pact signed? What was it for?

A

1935
- Allow Germany to build small-size navy (against ToV)

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35
Q

When did German troops remilitarize the Rhineland by marching into it?

A

March 1936

36
Q

When did Italy and Germany sign alliance agreement? What was it called?

A

Rome-Berlin Axis Agreement
Nov. 1936

37
Q

Hitler’s 3 Main Aims (aggressive policies, radical solutions)

A
  • massive rearmament programme
  • state control of industry, state investment in projects
  • getting rid of ToV, reclaim territories taken by it
38
Q

Recap 2: 5 main things that Hitler wants to achieve for Germany

A
  • Abolish ToV
  • Get Living Space for Aryan Germans
  • Create empire for Aryan Germans to rule over other races
  • Destroy communism
  • Enfore militarism (rearmament e.g.)
39
Q

What did Germany do in 1933 that signaled aggression?

A

Leaving LoN (Rearmament also, that’s in another flashcard)
- German people voted in favour of leaving (1933 Refrendum)
- Hitler withdrew Germany from LoN on basis of it being treated unfairly (esp on rearmament)

40
Q

What did Germany’s leaving of the LoN do to LoN?

A

LoN’s authority undermined

41
Q

What period of time did Germany rearm? What did it signalise?

A

1933-1935
Germany’s growing aggression

42
Q

How did Germany’s rearmament affect LoN and other countries??

A

Undermined League’s Authority
Britian, France, USSR, Czech concerned about Germany’s rearmament
- Went against ToV
- Workers drafted into army to reduce unemployment in secret
- 1935: Hitler reveal Germany’s rearmament programme
- Held freedom to rearm rally

43
Q

What did Hitler do in the disarmament conference, signalling aggression?

A

Disarmament Conference
- Hitler walked out (1934)
- he said Germany not treated equal

44
Q

What did Germany do in 1935 signalling aggression? (besides revealing his secret rearmament plan to the world)

A

Saar Plebiscite
- Hitler claimed it should be part of Germany
- League forced Hitler to agree to plebiscite (vote)
- 90% voted join Germany
- Boost Hitler’s confidence

45
Q

What did Germany do in 1936 March that signalised aggression?

A
  • Remilitarization of Rhineland
  • Spanish Civil War
  • Anti-Comintern Pact
46
Q

Details about the Remilitarisation of Rhineland

A
  • ToV ban German forces from entering Rhineland
  • France+USSR agreed on Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1936) (protect each other from Germany)
  • Hitler claimed Germany encircled + right to place troops in Rhineland
  • Ordered troops into Rhineland (Mar 1936)
47
Q

why was the remilitarisation of Rhineland a gamble?

A
  • Germany army not strong enf. to stand against French
  • Hitler would’ve lost prestige, support, humilated if French had moved troops in
48
Q

What was the global response to Remilitarisation of Rhineland? Why?

How did it enbolden Hitler?

A
  • League condemned Hitler, no action taken

why
- Britian, France, LoN preoccupied w/ Abyssnian Crisis
- British did not guarantee support to France if it challenged Hitler

enbolden
- more prestige, confidence

49
Q

What is the Spanish Civil War? How did it enbolden Hitler?

A
  • Civil war (Republicans v. Nationalists)
  • Nationalist leader had similar views to Hitler, Mussolini
  • Helped General Franco with troops
  • Hitler test out Luftwaffe (Army+Air Force)

enbolden
- German Air Force bombed Republican strongholds -> casualties
- Britian, France stayed out
- Hitler believed Britian, France not ready for war

50
Q

What did the Spanish Civil War do to USSR’s attitude of France+ Britian?

A

Increasing suspicion
- Due to their reluctance to oppose Hitler + Mussolini

51
Q

Why did Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact? When did they sign it?

A

1936
- Japan expand aggressively in Asia
- Germany saw much in common w/ Japanese dictatorship
- signed Anti-Comintern Pact to oppose Communist International (Comitern)
- Agree not to sign any treaties w/ USSR

52
Q

What is the Communist International? What is its alternative name?

A

Alt. Name: Comitern
- Set up by USSR
- Spread communism by encouraging uprising all arnd world

53
Q

When did the Axis Alliance Form? How did it form?

A

1937
- When Italy sign Anti-Comintern Pact

54
Q

1937 alliance between G, I, J was called…

A

Axis Alliance

Germany, Italy, Japan

55
Q

4 Factors affecting Britian and France’s decision making in 1930s

A
  • US isolationism
  • Sympathy for Germany
  • National interest
  • Misjudgment of Hitler
56
Q

What is US isolationism? How long did it last? How did this impact Britian and France’s decision making?

A

1920s-1930s
- US not getting involved in European affairs
- loss of lives during WW1 triggered this
- Help from USA against Hitler not an option

57
Q

Why did people in Britian+France have Sympathy on Germany?

A
  • ToV -> Sympathy, Criticism
  • felt it was fair for Hitler to argue for rearmament when other countries refused to disarm
  • Little backlash when Hitler reclaim Saar, rearm Rhineland
58
Q

How did Britian prioritise their own interest? What are two examples of action that national interests took over instead of stopping Hitler?

A
  • Britian more worried abt. USSR
  • saw Germany as useful barrier against Stalin’s Soviet Union

action where national interest took over
- sign Anglo-German Naval Agreement w/ Germany
- British refuse to ally w/ France against Hitler (not their top priority)

59
Q

when was anglo-german Naval Agreement signed and what are details of it?

A

1935
- allow Germany build Navy 35% size of its own
- went against ToV

60
Q

How did France prioritise their own interest? What is one example of an action that national interests took over instead of stopping Hitler?

A
  • more worried abt Hitler than Stalin
  • Germany share border w/ France

national interest take over!
- France ally w/ USSR instead against Germany
- Hitler make this excuse to remilitarise
- British feel sympathy for Hitler, allow them to remilitarise

61
Q

how did politicians misjudge Hitler?

A
  • British, French underestimated impact of Hitler’s ideology
62
Q

in 1937, what did Chamberlain do to face Hitler?

A

Neville Chamberlain
- appeasement
- authorised massive spending on rearmament
- recognise Britian, France has to work tgt

63
Q

Why did Hitler target Anchluss with Austria? What year did he do it?

A

1938
- Reunite Germans of Austria w/ Germany
- Austria a great power b4 WW1

64
Q

What challenges did Anchluss face? Why was Anchluss sucessful anyway?

A

challenges
- ToV banned this

reasons for succeeding
- Many Austrians keen to be part of new successful Germany
- strong Nazi party in Austria encouraged by Hitler to create disorder
- Hitler tried to persuade Austria Chancellor that peace can be restored if German troops moved in
- Though Austria Chancellor asked for help from Britian and France, they did nothing
- Hitler marched troops into Austria
- Voter intimidation and fraud caused 99.75% of Austrians to approve of Anchluss

Hitler’s tactic to gain territory with no war
- Ask Nazis to stir up trouble
- Demand leader of country to hand over country/allow German troops to march in on the basis of protecting the majority Germans and the people
- Claim the land

65
Q

why did Britian and France do nothing to stop Anchluss?

A
  • Both found it hard to deal w/ politican who didn’t care about international diplomacy, underestimated him
  • Britian symphatised with Germany

CANNOT WRITE ABYSSNIAN CRISIS
Abyssnian Crisis -> 1934-1936
Anchluss -> 1938

66
Q

what did Anchluss cause for Germany?

A
  • enboldened -> Britian Foreign Secretary told Hitler Britian wont oppose
  • absorbed Austria’s population, rescources, industry, reserves of gold
67
Q

how did Hitler attempt to take Czechoslovakia?

A
  • encourage Nazi to stir up trouble in Sudentenland, demand them join Germany
  • 1938: Hitler claimed to protect Sudenten Germans
  • threaten to invade Czechoslovakia if they do not hand it over

Hitler’s tactic to gain territory with no war
- Ask Nazis to stir up trouble
- Demand leader of country to hand over country/allow German troops to march in on the basis of protecting the majority Germans and the people
- Claim the land

68
Q

why did Hitler want Czechoslovakia?

A
  • large population of Germans
  • small, active party of Nazis there
69
Q

how was the situation like in 1938?

A
  • by mid-September everyone was expecting war as neither Hitler nor Benes back down

Benes is Czechoslovakia’s leader

70
Q

timeline of munich agreement

A

15 Sept: Chamberlain meet Hitler after he moderates his demands
19 Sept: Britian, France convince Czechoslovakia to surrender Sudentenland with majority Germans
22 Sept: Hitler suddenly increase his demands
29 Sept: Four Power summit (BFIG), gave in to Hitler’s demands
30 Sept: Chamberlain + Hitler joint declaration

71
Q

Chamberlain meet Hitler after he moderates his demands

  • when was this?
  • what happened?
A

when
15 Sept (1938)

what
- Chamberlain met Hitler in Germany
- Hitler said he only wanted parts of Sudentenland with majority Germans
- Chamberlain convinced Hitler will be satisfied

72
Q

Britian, France convince Czechoslovakia to surrender Sudentenland with majority Germans
- when was it?

A

when
19 Sept

73
Q

Hitler suddenly increase his demands
- when was it
- what happened

A

22 Sept (1938)

what
- Hitler wanted whole of Sudentenland
- claimed to “rescue” Sudenten Germans from poor Czech govt.
- Chamberlain told Hitler it was unreasonable

74
Q

Four Power summit (BFIG), gave in to Hitler’s demands
- when
- what happen

A

when
29 Sept (1938)

what happen
- BF give in to Hitler’s demands without consulting Czechoslovakia/USSR
- Munich Agreement: Hitler pledge for peace, they give whole Sudentenland

75
Q

Chamberlain + Hitler joint declaration
- when
- what happened

A

when
30 Sept (1938)

what happened
- publish declaration that Munich agreeement wld bring “peace for our time”

76
Q

Reactions to Munich Agreement

A
  • majority cheering, happy
  • British Media presented Agreement positively
  • polls in 1938 showed majority of British did not think Appeasement will stop Hitler
77
Q

when did Hitler move his forces into Sudentenland? How did he justify it?

A

1938 October
- claimed it was the end of his demands

78
Q

when did German troops take over the rest of Czechoslovakia? How did Chamberlain react?

A

1939
Chamberlain felt it was step too far
- Czechs not separated from homeland by ToV
- Hitler continued unchecked = Poland will be invaded

79
Q

what held Hitler back from invading Poland?

A
  • though Polish forces cld be defeat easily
  • USSR shared border w/ Poland
  • USSR may oppose Germany, cause Britian, France join in two front war
80
Q

how did Stalin’s actions in the 1930s show his concern towards Hitler?

(year)(action)

A
  • 1934 join LoN against Hitler
  • 1936 sign Mutual Assistance Pact w/ france
81
Q

why did Stalin’s concern towards Hitler increased?

A
  • Britian, France, League did not resist against Munich Agreement, Stalin not consulted
  • Seemed like Britian and France allowing Hitler take over eastern Europe
82
Q

When did Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact sign?

A

1939 August

83
Q

what did Hitler, Stalin agree on in Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?

A
  • dont attack each other
  • Divide poland between themselves
84
Q

Hitler and Stalin’s true motives in Nazi Soviet Non-agression pact

A

Hitler: Guarantee to invade Poland
Stalin: Decided British, French too weak to fight Hitler, buy time to get his forces ready to fight

85
Q

why hitler interested in Poland?

A
  • Polish Corridor, Danzig large population of Germans
  • desire to build transportation line across Polish Corridor to East Prussia
86
Q

What happened when Hitler tried to demand for Poland?

A
  • Polish leaders rejected (fear of German invasion)
  • tension escalate, negotiations broke down
  • 1 Sept 1939: Invasion of Poland
  • 3 Sept 1939: Britian, France declare war on Germany (WWII in Europe)

they feared an invasion and didn’t trust Hitler as before that he also used the same tactic with Czechoslovakia

87
Q

When did WWII in Europe officially begin?

A

3 September 1939

1st Sept is when Hitler invaded Poland, not when WWII in Europe started. It only officially start when Britian, France declare war on Germany.

88
Q

is remilitarisation of Rhineland expansionist?

A

no
- Rhineland originally part of Germany, however it is aggressive/failure of LoN

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