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Pathology > CH.6 Urinary System > Flashcards

CH.6 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What anatomy is part of the urinary system?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Function of the kidneys is what?

A

Filter arterial blood to help regulate water, sodium and electrolytes.

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3
Q

The kidneys lay…

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

The kidneys are fed by what arteries?

A

Renal Arteries

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5
Q

The kidneys lay at what vertebral level?

A

T12-L3

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6
Q

The renal artery and vein, lymphatics, and nerve plexus are part of what area of kidneys?

A

Hilum

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7
Q

The ureters extend from kidneys to bladder on what plane?

A

Posterolaterally

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8
Q

What does IVU stand for?

A

Intravenous Urography

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9
Q

What is the imaging modality of choice for the kidney system?

A

CT- because of better contrast resolution of abdominal structures

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10
Q

What is the most common exam for lower urinary tract?

A

Cystography

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11
Q

A cystograph is what type of study?

A

Retrograde- against the common flow

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12
Q

What is the most common indication for cystography?

A

Vesicoureterel reflux

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13
Q

This is performed by a urologist during cystoscopy.

A

Retrograde Pyelography

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14
Q

What is retrograde pyelography used for?

A

Used to help delineate stones

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15
Q

What is one of the most invasive renal procedures?

A

Renal Angiography

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16
Q

What are common indications of renal angiography?

A
  • renal cancer

- renal artery stenosis

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17
Q

This is inserted into the renal pelvis and connects outside of the body for drainage to reduce hydronephrosis.

A

Nephrostomy Tubes

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18
Q

This is placed into the ureters from the renal pelvis and into the bladder, done post obstruction.

A

Ureteral Stent

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19
Q

This is the most common type of urethral catheter that has a balloon on the end inserted into the bladder where the balloon is then inflated.

A

Foley Catheter

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20
Q

This is a congenital and hereditary disease in which one kidney, most frequently the left, is not fully developed.

A

Renal Agenesis

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21
Q

This is a result of renal a genesis.

A

Compensatory Hypertrophy.

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22
Q

This is a disease in which a 3rd kidney with its own renal artery is present. It can be caused by frequent UTIs.

A

Supernumery Kidney

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23
Q

This is a kidney that is developed less than normally in size but contains normal nephrons along with opposite side hyperplasia.

A

Hypoplasia

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24
Q

Hypoplasia is associated with what?

A

Hypertension and hyperplasia of the renal vessels

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25
Q

This is an overdeveloped kidney often associated with opposite side hypoplasia.

A

Hyperplasia

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26
Q

Fusion anomalies are most often referred to as what?

A

Horseshoe Kidney

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27
Q

Most of the time this occurs when the lower poles of each kidney fuse together.

A

Horseshoe Kidney

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28
Q

This is a common result of fusion anomalies.

A

Renal Calculi (stones)

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29
Q

This is when one kidney crosses the midline to the opposite side and can fuse with the kidney that is in its correct place.

A

Crossed ectopy

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30
Q

This is one of the most common position anomalies of the kidneys where one kidney will rotate 180 degrees to the renal pelvis.

A

Malrotation

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31
Q

Malrotation can cause what to happen to the ureter.

A

Can cause it to kink

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32
Q

This is when a kidney is out of its normal position.

A

Ectopic Kidney

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33
Q

What can an ectopic kidney cause?

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

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34
Q

This is a lack of the kidney to drop.

A

Nephroptosis

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35
Q

THis is a common anomaly that varies from simple bifid pelvis to a completely double pelvis, ureter and ureterovesical orifice.

A

Duplex Kidney

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36
Q

Duplex Kidney can be complicated by what?

A
  • Obstruction
  • Vesicoureteral Reflux
  • UTIs
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37
Q

This is a cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. Can be unilateral or bilateral.

A

Ureterocele

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of ureteroceles?

A

Simple (adult)

Ectopic (infants)

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39
Q

Ureteroceles are most commonly associated with what?

A

Duplex Kidneyy

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40
Q

This is a congenital anomaly that may represent a dilated branched ureteric remnant, best demonstrated by retrograde urethrography.

A

Ureteral Diverticula

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41
Q

What can cause Ureteral Diverticula?

A

Chronic bladder obstruction causing a mucosal weakening causing an outpouching.

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42
Q

This is an out pouching of the bladder that may occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection commonly occurring in middle aged men and can be diagnosed via cystography or cystoscopy.

A

Bladder Diverticula

43
Q

These are mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition causing significant obstruction to urine flow.

A

Posterior Urethral Valves

44
Q

Urethral Valves can lead to what?

A
  • Hydronephrosis
  • Hydroureter
  • renal damage
45
Q

This is an inherited disorder in which multiple cysts af varying size cause lobulated enlargement of the kidneys and progressive renal impairment.

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

46
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease can also indicate what?

A

Renal failure and CHF

47
Q

10% of polycystic kidney disease have one or more saccular (berry) aneurysms of cerebral arteries that may rupture and produce what?

A

Fatal Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage

48
Q

This is a congenital dilation of the medullary and papillary portions of the collecting ducts leading to urinary stasis and increased levels of calcium phosphate.

A

Medullary Sponge Kidney

49
Q

This is the most common of all bacterial infections

A

Urinary Tract Infection

50
Q

What bacteria is most often the cause of UTIs?

51
Q

This is a suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria affecting the interstitial tissue between the tubules.

A

Pyelonephritis

52
Q

UTIs left untreated can often lead to this.

A

Pyelonephritis

53
Q

This is a recurrent or persistent infection of the kidneys such that is caused by chronic reflux of the infected urine from the bladder into the renal pelvis.

A

Chronic Pyelonephritis

54
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis is bilateral or unilateral?

55
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis is often seen in what types of patients?

A

Those with anatomic abnormalities.

56
Q

This is painful urination.

57
Q

This is pus in the urine.

58
Q

This is a non supportive inflammatory process involving the tufts of capillaries (glomeruli) that filter the blood within the kidney.

A

Glomerulonephritis

59
Q

THis is an antigen-antibody reaction that most commonly occurs several weeks after ana cute upper respiratory or middle ear infection with certain strains of hemolytic streptococci.

A

Glomerulonephritis

60
Q

Glomerulonephritis causes these to be extremely permeable allowing albumin and RBCs to leak into the urine.

61
Q

This is albumin in the urine. It is often smoky/coffee colored urine.

A

Proteinuria

62
Q

This is the presence of blood in the urine.

63
Q

This is smaller than the normal amount of urine.

64
Q

The minor calyxes appear blunted in patients with this.

A

Glomerulonephritis.

65
Q

Glomerulonephritis is also called this?

A

Brights Disease

66
Q

This is inflammation of the bladder generally caused by bacteria and may be acute or chronic.

67
Q

Cystitis can cause more problems by the spreading of bacteria into what other areas?

A
  • Renal Pelvis

- Kidneys

68
Q

This is the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters. It can be seen in cases with cystitis.

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

69
Q

VUR can also be caused by this bladder dysfunction caused by interference with the nerve impulses concerned with urination.

A

Neurogenic Bladder

70
Q

This is the most common nosocomial infection.

71
Q

Why are women more likely to get cystitis?

A

Because of their shorter urethra

72
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of cystitis referred to as?

A

bladder trabeculae

73
Q

This is thickening of the small vessels of the kidney. May be caused as part of normal aging or seen in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes.

A

Nephrosclerosis

74
Q

Indentation of the cortical margin due to local infarction occurs with this degenerative disease.

A

Nephrosclerosis

75
Q

This is a calcium metabolism disturbance with calcium phosphate deposits visible radiographically.

A

Nephrocalcinosis

76
Q

This is a large calculus that assumes the shape of the pelvicaliceal junction. Most are visible on a radiograph.

A

Staghorn Calculus

77
Q

This is severe or intermittent pain from movement of stones.

A

Renal Colic

78
Q

This is often times chronic but can also be acute. It usually represents the end result of a chronic process gradually resulting in diminished kidney function.

A

Renal Failure

79
Q

This is retention of urea in the blood.

80
Q

This is rapid deterioration of the kidney function. It results in the accumulation of nitrogen containing wastes in the blood.

A

Acute Renal Failure

81
Q

Acute Renal Failure can cause this characteristic urinlike odor.

A

“fishy-breath”

82
Q

What are the 2 types of acute renal failure?

A
  • Prerenal- sudden reduction in blood flow

- Postrenal- outflow obstruction caused by waste

83
Q

This may reflect pre renal, post renal, or intristic kidney disease caused by bilateral renal artery stenosis, bilateral ureteral obstruction, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelnonephritis and familial cystic disease.

A

Chronic Renal Failure

84
Q

These are urinary calculi that are asymptomatic until they lodge in the ureter and cause partial obstruction resulting in extreme pain that radiates from the area of the kidney to the groin.

A

Kidney Stones.

85
Q

What is the first area a kidney stone may become lodged?

A

Ureteropelvic Junction

86
Q

How are kidney stones caused?

A

From the precipitation of calcium oxate

87
Q

Kidney Stones are most often a result of what?

A

Underlying Metabolic Abnormalities such as hyperglycemia

88
Q

This is an obstructive disorder of the urinary system that causes dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine.

A

Hydronephrosis

89
Q

What can occur from long standing hydronephrosis?

A
  • Increase in intrarenal pressure causing:
    • ichemia
    • parenchymal atrophy
    • loss of renal function
90
Q

This is thinning of an outer layer of tissue.

A

Parenchymal Atrophy

91
Q

This is decreased blood flow to a tissue causing necrosis/death.

92
Q

This is the most common unifocal mass of the kidney. It is fluid filled and varies in size.

A

Renal cysts

93
Q

This is the most common renal neoplasm also known as hypernephroma. It occurs predominantly in patients over 40.

A

Renal Carcinoma

94
Q

Where does renal carcinoma originate?

A

The tubular epithelium of the renal cortex

95
Q

What are the triad of classic symptoms of renal carcinoma?

A
  • hematuria
  • flank pain
  • palpable abdominal mass
96
Q

What are the 4 stages of Renal Carcinoma?

A
  1. Confined in the kidney
  2. Spreads to Fascia of kidney
  3. Spread to renal vein
  4. Spread to adjacent organs except for adrenal glands.
97
Q

This is the most common neoplasm of infancy and childhood and arises from embryonic renal tissue. It tends to become very large and appear as a palpable mass.

A

Wilms Tumor

98
Q

What is another name for a Wilms Tumor?

A

Nephroblastoma

99
Q

This neoplastic disease is caused by cigarette smoking, certain industrial chemicals and may be linked to excessive coffee drinking.

A

Bladder Carcinoma

100
Q

Bladder Carcinoma can be classified in what 3 ways?

A
  1. Transitional Cell Carcinoma- most frequent
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma- from chronic irritation
  3. Adenocarcinoma
101
Q

Carcinoma of the bladder most commonly originates where?

A

Epithelium

102
Q

Bladder Carcinoma is commonly referred to as what?

A

Urothelial Carcinoma

103
Q

Where are bladder carcinomas typically located?

A

In the Trigone

104
Q

Bladder cancer can metastasize to what other areas of the body?

A
  • Prostate in men
  • Uterus and ovaries in women
  • Bone

Pathology (10 decks)

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