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Pathology > CH. 7 Nervous System > Flashcards

CH. 7 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Layer
  • Pia Mater
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2
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • Choroid Plexus
  • Lateral Ventricles
  • 3rd Ventricle
  • 4th Ventricle
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3
Q

What supplies blood to the anterior portion of the brain?

A

Bilateral Internal Carotid Arteries

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4
Q

What supplies blood to the posterior portion of the brain?

A

Bilateral Vertebral Arteries

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5
Q

This is dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure from inflammation of the lateral ventricles.

A

Hydrocephalus

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Hydrocephalus?

A
  1. Non communicating

2. Communicating

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7
Q

What is non communicating hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction/blockage of CSF somewhere in its normal path

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8
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

CSF flows into extra ventricular subarachnoid space

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9
Q

What is used to correct hydrocephalus?

A

A shut placed in the frontal lobe of the brain in the anterior horn.

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10
Q

This is an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid caused by bacteria and viruses.

A

Meningitis

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11
Q

What is the most common form of meningitis?

A

Bacterial Meningitis (pyogenic)

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12
Q

How is meningitis spread?

A

Hematogenously through the blood stream

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13
Q

This is inflammation of the brain tissue usually viral.

A

Enchepalitis

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14
Q

This is the result of chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, or mastoid air cells or of systemic infections such as pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, and osteomyelitis.

A

Brain Abscess

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15
Q

Encephalitis can lead to what?

A

Brain Abcess

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16
Q

Where are there higher instances of brain abscesses?

A
  • Temporal Lobe

- Cerebellum

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17
Q

Brain Abscesses can develop into what?

A

Focal Seizures

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18
Q

This is commonly referred to as a ruptured disc.

A

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

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19
Q

All HNP ruptures bulge in which direction? and impinges and puts pressure on what?

A

Posterior

Spinal Root/Nerves

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20
Q

What is the highest incidence of HNP?

A

L4-L5
L5-S1
C5-6
C6-7

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21
Q

THis is almost always a result of osteoarthritis in the cervical region can defect bone itself and may present fractures.

A

Cervical Spondylosis

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22
Q

This is the most common demyelinating disorder showing as a recurrent attack of the focal neurologic deficits causing a shortage of action potential or slowing of the action potential.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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23
Q

Multiple Sclerosis primarily involves what portions of the brain?

A
  • Spinal Cord
  • Optic Nerves
  • Central White Matter
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24
Q

This is also known as a stroke which is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

25
Q

This is termed an acute brain infarction denoting the sudden and dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit.

A

Stroke

26
Q

What is the most commonly involved artery with strokes?

A

Internal Carotid Artery

27
Q

This is a large vessel thrombosis lacunar infarction in the brain.

A

Ischemic Stroke

28
Q

These are 2 types of Ischemic Stroke.

A
  • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

- Atherothrombic Brain Infarction (ABI)

29
Q

These are focal neurologic deficits that completely resolve within 24 hours and result from emboli originating from the surface of an arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque (embolic stroke) or from stenosis of an extracerebral artery.

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

30
Q

Almost 2/3rds of strokes are preceded by what?

A

TIAs

31
Q

What is the most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing TIAs?

A

Carotid bifurcation in the neck

32
Q

What is a TIA sometimes called?

A

Mini Strokes (Embolic Stroke)

33
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke can be what two types?

A
  • Subarachoid

- Intracerebral- most common bleed into lateral ventricles

34
Q

This is another term for hemorrhagic stroke.

A

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

35
Q

This is an out pouching on the circle of willis that is most often asymptomatic and can leak or rupture and cause a blood leak leading to ischemia.

A

Berry Aneurysm

36
Q

These are 4 causes of an Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage.

A
  1. Head Trauma
  2. Hypertensive Vascular Disease
  3. Congenital Berry Aneurysm Rupture
  4. Arteriovenous Malformation
37
Q

This is another type of hemorrhagic stroke that is the primary cause of a ruptured berry aneurysm. Causes bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

38
Q

What are the 2 histological composition of neoplastic diseases on the brain.

A
  • Gliomal

- Nongliomal

39
Q

These are the most common primary malignant brain tumor composed of glial cells and are spread by direct extension.

A

Glioma

40
Q

Gliomas can cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through connecting white matter tracts most commonly what?

A

Corpus Callosum

41
Q

What are the most common types of Gliomas?

A
  1. Glioblastomas- Agressive

2. Astrocytomas- Most common

42
Q

What are the less common types of Gliomas?

A
  1. Ependymoma
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. Oligodendrocytoma
43
Q

This type of Glioma has a whitish appearance and can for large pseudo cysts or cavity and are very infiltrating. They account for 1/3rd of all Gliomas.

A

Astrosytomas

44
Q

What are astrocytomas favorite sites?

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Optic Chiasm 
Pon
45
Q

These are highly malignant Gliomas that grow rapidly and have a high incidence in male children.

A

Medulloblastomas

46
Q

Where can Medulloblastomas metastasize through?

A
  1. Subarachnoid Space
  2. Brain Stem
  3. CSF
47
Q

This is a benign tumor that arises from the arachnoid lining cells. It is Non-glial. it is attached to the Dura Mater.

A

Meningioma

48
Q

What are the most common sites of Meningioma?

A
  • Convexity of the calvaria
  • Olfactory groove
  • Tuberculum Sellae
  • Parasagittal Region
  • Sylvian Fissure
  • Cerebellopontine ANgle
  • Spinal Canal
49
Q

This is an adenoma usually arising in the anterior lobe of the brain.

A

Pituitary Adenoma

50
Q

What is the most common type of Pituitary Adenoma?

A

Nonsecreting Chromophobe Adenoma 90%

51
Q

This is a mass effect of tumor suppressing the pituitary hormone secretions

A

Nonsecreting Chromophobe Adenoma

52
Q

Hormone secreting pituitary adenomas produce symptoms related to excess hormones rather than mass effect and are called what?

A
  • Giantism in Adolescents

- Acromgealy in Adults

53
Q

This is a benign tumor with both cystic and solid components usually seen before the age of 20.

A

Craniopharyngioma

54
Q

Where are Craniopharyngiomas commonly located?

A

Above the Sella Turcica

55
Q

This is a slowly growing benign tumor arising from the Schwann cells in the vestibular portion of the auditory nerve (8th nerve)

A

Acoustic Neuroma

56
Q

Where do Acoustic Neuromas originate?

A

Internal Auditory Canal and extends into the cerebellopontine angle cistern

57
Q

What does a Craniopharyngioma depress?

A

The optic Chiasm and extends up into the 3rd ventricle.

58
Q

Most metastatic brain tumors arise from where and are spread how?

A
  • Lung carcinoma

- Spread by blood

Pathology (10 decks)

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