CH. 7 Nervous System

Question 1

What are the meninges?

Answer 1

• Dura Mater
• Arachnoid Layer
• Pia Mater

Question 2

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 2

• Choroid Plexus
• Lateral Ventricles
• 3rd Ventricle
• 4th Ventricle

Question 3

What supplies blood to the anterior portion of the brain?

Answer 3

Bilateral Internal Carotid Arteries

Question 4

What supplies blood to the posterior portion of the brain?

Answer 4

Bilateral Vertebral Arteries

Question 5

This is dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure from inflammation of the lateral ventricles.

Answer 5

Hydrocephalus

Question 6

What are the 2 types of Hydrocephalus?

Answer 6

1. Non communicating

2. Communicating

Question 7

What is non communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 7

obstruction/blockage of CSF somewhere in its normal path

Question 8

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 8

CSF flows into extra ventricular subarachnoid space

Question 9

What is used to correct hydrocephalus?

Answer 9

A shut placed in the frontal lobe of the brain in the anterior horn.

Question 10

This is an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid caused by bacteria and viruses.

Answer 10

Meningitis

Question 11

What is the most common form of meningitis?

Answer 11

Bacterial Meningitis (pyogenic)

Question 12

How is meningitis spread?

Answer 12

Hematogenously through the blood stream

Question 13

This is inflammation of the brain tissue usually viral.

Answer 13

Enchepalitis

Question 14

This is the result of chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, or mastoid air cells or of systemic infections such as pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, and osteomyelitis.

Answer 14

Brain Abscess

Question 15

Encephalitis can lead to what?

Answer 15

Brain Abcess

Question 16

Where are there higher instances of brain abscesses?

Answer 16

• Temporal Lobe

- Cerebellum

Question 17

Brain Abscesses can develop into what?

Answer 17

Focal Seizures

Question 18

This is commonly referred to as a ruptured disc.

Answer 18

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Question 19

All HNP ruptures bulge in which direction? and impinges and puts pressure on what?

Answer 19

Posterior

Spinal Root/Nerves

Question 20

What is the highest incidence of HNP?

Answer 20

L4-L5
L5-S1
C5-6
C6-7

Question 21

THis is almost always a result of osteoarthritis in the cervical region can defect bone itself and may present fractures.

Answer 21

Cervical Spondylosis

Question 22

This is the most common demyelinating disorder showing as a recurrent attack of the focal neurologic deficits causing a shortage of action potential or slowing of the action potential.

Answer 22

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 23

Multiple Sclerosis primarily involves what portions of the brain?

Answer 23

• Spinal Cord
• Optic Nerves
• Central White Matter

Question 24

This is also known as a stroke which is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.

Answer 24

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Question 25

This is termed an acute brain infarction denoting the sudden and dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit.

Answer 25

Stroke

Question 26

What is the most commonly involved artery with strokes?

Answer 26

Internal Carotid Artery

Question 27

This is a large vessel thrombosis lacunar infarction in the brain.

Answer 27

Ischemic Stroke

Question 28

These are 2 types of Ischemic Stroke.

Answer 28

- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) | - Atherothrombic Brain Infarction (ABI)

Question 29

These are focal neurologic deficits that completely resolve within 24 hours and result from emboli originating from the surface of an arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque (embolic stroke) or from stenosis of an extracerebral artery.

Answer 29

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Question 30

Almost 2/3rds of strokes are preceded by what?

Answer 30

TIAs

Question 31

What is the most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing TIAs?

Answer 31

Carotid bifurcation in the neck

Question 32

What is a TIA sometimes called?

Answer 32

Mini Strokes (Embolic Stroke)

Question 33

Hemorrhagic stroke can be what two types?

Answer 33

- Subarachoid | - Intracerebral- most common bleed into lateral ventricles

Question 34

This is another term for hemorrhagic stroke.

Answer 34

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

Question 35

This is an out pouching on the circle of willis that is most often asymptomatic and can leak or rupture and cause a blood leak leading to ischemia.

Answer 35

Berry Aneurysm

Question 36

These are 4 causes of an Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage.

Answer 36

1. Head Trauma 2. Hypertensive Vascular Disease 3. Congenital Berry Aneurysm Rupture 4. Arteriovenous Malformation

Question 37

This is another type of hemorrhagic stroke that is the primary cause of a ruptured berry aneurysm. Causes bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Answer 37

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 38

What are the 2 histological composition of neoplastic diseases on the brain.

Answer 38

- Gliomal | - Nongliomal

Question 39

These are the most common primary malignant brain tumor composed of glial cells and are spread by direct extension.

Answer 39

Glioma

Question 40

Gliomas can cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through connecting white matter tracts most commonly what?

Answer 40

Corpus Callosum

Question 41

What are the most common types of Gliomas?

Answer 41

1. Glioblastomas- Agressive | 2. Astrocytomas- Most common

Question 42

What are the less common types of Gliomas?

Answer 42

1. Ependymoma 2. Medulloblastoma 3. Oligodendrocytoma

Question 43

This type of Glioma has a whitish appearance and can for large pseudo cysts or cavity and are very infiltrating. They account for 1/3rd of all Gliomas.

Answer 43

Astrosytomas

Question 44

What are astrocytomas favorite sites?

Answer 44

``` Cerebrum Cerebellum Thalamus Optic Chiasm Pon ```

Question 45

These are highly malignant Gliomas that grow rapidly and have a high incidence in male children.

Answer 45

Medulloblastomas

Question 46

Where can Medulloblastomas metastasize through?

Answer 46

1. Subarachnoid Space 2. Brain Stem 3. CSF

Question 47

This is a benign tumor that arises from the arachnoid lining cells. It is Non-glial. it is attached to the Dura Mater.

Answer 47

Meningioma

Question 48

What are the most common sites of Meningioma?

Answer 48

- Convexity of the calvaria - Olfactory groove - Tuberculum Sellae - Parasagittal Region - Sylvian Fissure - Cerebellopontine ANgle - Spinal Canal

Question 49

This is an adenoma usually arising in the anterior lobe of the brain.

Answer 49

Pituitary Adenoma

Question 50

What is the most common type of Pituitary Adenoma?

Answer 50

Nonsecreting Chromophobe Adenoma 90%

Question 51

This is a mass effect of tumor suppressing the pituitary hormone secretions

Answer 51

Nonsecreting Chromophobe Adenoma

Question 52

Hormone secreting pituitary adenomas produce symptoms related to excess hormones rather than mass effect and are called what?

Answer 52

- Giantism in Adolescents | - Acromgealy in Adults

Question 53

This is a benign tumor with both cystic and solid components usually seen before the age of 20.

Answer 53

Craniopharyngioma

Question 54

Where are Craniopharyngiomas commonly located?

Answer 54

Above the Sella Turcica

Question 55

This is a slowly growing benign tumor arising from the Schwann cells in the vestibular portion of the auditory nerve (8th nerve)

Answer 55

Acoustic Neuroma

Question 56

Where do Acoustic Neuromas originate?

Answer 56

Internal Auditory Canal and extends into the cerebellopontine angle cistern

Question 57

What does a Craniopharyngioma depress?

Answer 57

The optic Chiasm and extends up into the 3rd ventricle.

Question 58

Most metastatic brain tumors arise from where and are spread how?

Answer 58

- Lung carcinoma | - Spread by blood