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Pathology > Ch. 11 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

This is the master endocrine gland.

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

This is a metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone reabsorption accelerates while the rate of bone formation slows down causing a loss of bone mass.

A

Osteoporosis

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3
Q

Osteoporosis is caused by a lack of what formation?

A

Osteoids

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4
Q

Patients with osteoporosis can accumulate what in the urine?

A

calcium causing kidney and bladder stones

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5
Q

At what age does the loss of bone mass begin?

A

25

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6
Q

Bone loss is greatest in this area because this bone has a thin cortex making it prone to microfractures and collapse.

A

Vertebral Bodies

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7
Q

What do vertebral bodies look like radiographically in patients with osteoporosis?

A
  • Picture Frame appearance

- Appear wedge shaped or biconcave.

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8
Q

This is softening of the bones.

A

Osteopinea

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9
Q

What does DEXA stand for?

A

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of scores established in a DEXA scan?

A

T-score and Z-score

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11
Q

What is a T-score?

A

Reflects the standard deviations above or below the 30yr old national reference population (peak bone mass)

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12
Q

What is a Z-score?

A

Standard deviation above or below a population matched for age, sex, weight, and ethnicity.

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13
Q

A t-score of what is normal?

A

-1

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14
Q

A T-score of less than -1 but greater than -2.49 is what?

A

Osteopenia

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15
Q

A T-score of less than -2.5 is what?

A

Osteoporosis

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16
Q

A Z-score less than what suggests bone disease?

A

-2

17
Q

This is an insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton that maybe caused by inadequate intake or absorption of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D.

A

Osteomalacia

18
Q

What are some nutritional causes of Osteomalacia?

A

Chronic Kidney Failure or Kidney disease causing calcium secretions in the urine.

19
Q

This is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases of the skeleton where there is an excessive phase of bone reabsorption followed by a reactive phase of excessive abnormal bone formation. This new bone formation is fragile and weak.

A

Pagets Disease

20
Q

Pagets Disease is also known as what?

A

Osteitis Deformans

21
Q

What is a common symptom of pagets disease?

A

Cranial enlargement most commonly in the frontal and occipital areas causing headaches

22
Q

What does pagets disease look like radiographically?

A

Cotton wool or mottled appearance

23
Q

This is a disease of the adrenal cortex causing excessive production of glucocorticoid hormones.

A

Cushings Syndrome

24
Q

What two glands are affected by Cushing disease?

A

Adrenal Gland

Pituitary Gland

25
Q

This is a common endocrine disorder in which beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to secrete insulin or target cells throughout the body fail to respond to this hormone.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

26
Q

Diabetes Mellitus causes a lac of insulin preventing this from entering the cells.

A

Glucose

27
Q

Diabetes Mellitus can result in what?

A

Hyperglycemia- Increased sugar levels

28
Q

What are normal sugar levels are what?

A

70-120 mg/dL

29
Q

What are the 2 types of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Type I

Type II

30
Q

Describe Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

A
  • Genetic Disorder
  • Little to no insulin production
  • Juvenile Diabetes
31
Q

Describe Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Insulin Resistant
  • Inadequate secretion of insulin
  • Change lifestyle
32
Q

Type I DM causes an autoimmune destruction of what? causing insulin dependence from a young age.

A

Pancreatic B cells

33
Q

What are common complications of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Frequent Infections
  • Kidney Damage
  • Blindness
  • Poor Circulation
  • Insulin Shock
34
Q

Blindness is caused by what in DM?

A

Due to narrowing and rupture of the retinal blood vessels

35
Q

This is excessive thyroid hormone production.

A

Hyperthyroidism

36
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism termed?

A

Graves Disease

37
Q

This is an enlargement of the thyroid glad that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process.

A

Goiter

38
Q

THis is diminished thyroid hormone production. It can result from any structural or functional abnormality.

A

Hypothyroidism

39
Q

This is congenital hypothyroidism with characteristics including short stature, protruding tongue, broad flat nose, wide set eyes, sparse hair and dry skin.

A

Cretinism

Pathology (10 decks)

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