Ch. 11 Endocrine System

Question 1

This is the master endocrine gland.

Answer 1

Pituitary gland

Question 2

This is a metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone reabsorption accelerates while the rate of bone formation slows down causing a loss of bone mass.

Answer 2

Osteoporosis

Question 3

Osteoporosis is caused by a lack of what formation?

Answer 3

Osteoids

Question 4

Patients with osteoporosis can accumulate what in the urine?

Answer 4

calcium causing kidney and bladder stones

Question 5

At what age does the loss of bone mass begin?

Answer 5

25

Question 6

Bone loss is greatest in this area because this bone has a thin cortex making it prone to microfractures and collapse.

Answer 6

Vertebral Bodies

Question 7

What do vertebral bodies look like radiographically in patients with osteoporosis?

Answer 7

• Picture Frame appearance

- Appear wedge shaped or biconcave.

Question 8

This is softening of the bones.

Answer 8

Osteopinea

Question 9

What does DEXA stand for?

Answer 9

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

Question 10

What are the 2 types of scores established in a DEXA scan?

Answer 10

T-score and Z-score

Question 11

What is a T-score?

Answer 11

Reflects the standard deviations above or below the 30yr old national reference population (peak bone mass)

Question 12

What is a Z-score?

Answer 12

Standard deviation above or below a population matched for age, sex, weight, and ethnicity.

Question 13

A t-score of what is normal?

Answer 13

-1

Question 14

A T-score of less than -1 but greater than -2.49 is what?

Answer 14

Osteopenia

Question 15

A T-score of less than -2.5 is what?

Answer 15

Osteoporosis

Question 16

A Z-score less than what suggests bone disease?

Answer 16

-2

Question 17

This is an insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton that maybe caused by inadequate intake or absorption of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D.

Answer 17

Osteomalacia

Question 18

What are some nutritional causes of Osteomalacia?

Answer 18

Chronic Kidney Failure or Kidney disease causing calcium secretions in the urine.

Question 19

This is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases of the skeleton where there is an excessive phase of bone reabsorption followed by a reactive phase of excessive abnormal bone formation. This new bone formation is fragile and weak.

Answer 19

Pagets Disease

Question 20

Pagets Disease is also known as what?

Answer 20

Osteitis Deformans

Question 21

What is a common symptom of pagets disease?

Answer 21

Cranial enlargement most commonly in the frontal and occipital areas causing headaches

Question 22

What does pagets disease look like radiographically?

Answer 22

Cotton wool or mottled appearance

Question 23

This is a disease of the adrenal cortex causing excessive production of glucocorticoid hormones.

Answer 23

Cushings Syndrome

Question 24

What two glands are affected by Cushing disease?

Answer 24

Adrenal Gland

Pituitary Gland

Question 25

This is a common endocrine disorder in which beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to secrete insulin or target cells throughout the body fail to respond to this hormone.

Answer 25

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 26

Diabetes Mellitus causes a lac of insulin preventing this from entering the cells.

Answer 26

Glucose

Question 27

Diabetes Mellitus can result in what?

Answer 27

Hyperglycemia- Increased sugar levels

Question 28

What are normal sugar levels are what?

Answer 28

70-120 mg/dL

Question 29

What are the 2 types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 29

Type I | Type II

Question 30

Describe Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

Answer 30

- Genetic Disorder - Little to no insulin production - Juvenile Diabetes

Question 31

Describe Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 31

- Insulin Resistant - Inadequate secretion of insulin - Change lifestyle

Question 32

Type I DM causes an autoimmune destruction of what? causing insulin dependence from a young age.

Answer 32

Pancreatic B cells

Question 33

What are common complications of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 33

- Atherosclerosis - Frequent Infections - Kidney Damage - Blindness - Poor Circulation - Insulin Shock

Question 34

Blindness is caused by what in DM?

Answer 34

Due to narrowing and rupture of the retinal blood vessels

Question 35

This is excessive thyroid hormone production.

Answer 35

Hyperthyroidism

Question 36

What is Hyperthyroidism termed?

Answer 36

Graves Disease

Question 37

This is an enlargement of the thyroid glad that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process.

Answer 37

Goiter

Question 38

THis is diminished thyroid hormone production. It can result from any structural or functional abnormality.

Answer 38

Hypothyroidism

Question 39

This is congenital hypothyroidism with characteristics including short stature, protruding tongue, broad flat nose, wide set eyes, sparse hair and dry skin.

Answer 39

Cretinism