Ch.6, Rogerian Theory Applications

Question 1

Self-Experience Discrepancy:

Answer 1

distortion between actual experience and the self’s awareness of experience

Question 2

Difference between how Freud and Rogers treated clients

Answer 2

Freud: treated patients as clients needing to be diagnoses
Rogers: treated patients as having expertise and being curative, a responsible individual

Question 3

Fantasy:

Answer 3

denies any experience that does not fit with the self

Question 4

Reflection:

Answer 4

therapists do not guide the flow if events, instead they merely summarize or reflect back to the client their understanding of what the client has just said; makes the client feel thoroughly understood by the therapist

Question 5

Three conditions needed for effective therapy:

Answer 5

genuineness/congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding

Question 6

Unconditional Positive Regard:

Answer 6

therapist communicates a deep and genuine caring for the client
Empathetic Understanding: refers to the ability of therapist to perceive the client’s experiences

Question 7

Human Potential Movement:

Answer 7

people have potentialities; basic feature of personality functioning is that people have a capacity to move forward and realize their inherent potentials

Question 8

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem=self-actualization
Maslow said that people are basically good or neutral rather than evil; everyone possesses impulse toward growth and fulfillment of potential
Maslow views are important because he suggested the need for psychological AND biological needs, focused his study on people with high levels of self-actualization that were healthy (no need to restrict study to the abnormal or distressed)

Question 9

Development of Comprehensive Classification scheme:

Answer 9

identify criteria that would cause a psychological characteristic to be called a strength and use the criteria to identify a list of strengths

Question 10

Three distinct neural bases of empathy:

Answer 10

ability to share experiences with others; if you witness someone experiencing pain, the same areas in the brain responsible for pain should light up in your own brain with empathy, and ability to understand the individual’s point of view “mentalizing” (parietal and temporal lobes)

Question 11

Prosocial Motivation in Empathy:

Answer 11

feelings that motivate a person to aid or share positive experiences with others (medial prefrontal cortex)

Question 12

Flow:

Answer 12

refers specifically to positive states of consciousness with a perceived match between personal skills and environmental challenge, a high level of focused attention,

Question 13

Existentialism

Answer 13

Concerned with phenomenon that are inherent in the nature of being alive/existing
Personal meaning
Rogerian theory was existentialist in that he discussed loneliness and the search for human meaning/existence

Question 14

Terror Management Theory, Existentialism

Answer 14

consequence of combining two factors, people’s desire to live that is the same as animals and their awareness of the inevitability of death (uniquely human)

Question 15

Rogerian view of holism

Answer 15

Rogers believed that personality could not be split into parts

Question 16

Authenticity:

Answer 16

extent to which people behave in accord with their self as opposed to behaving in terms of roles that foster self-presentations; one must look at inner feelings and not just behaviors to appreciate this

Question 17

Personality Systems Interaction Theory

Answer 17

Functional differences between systems, not just the content of those systems like Rogers emphasized
Four personality systems that have distinct functional properties

Question 18

Analytical Thinking System

Answer 18

mental system that processes things in a logical, linear manner

Question 19

Holistic Thinking/Feeling System:

Answer 19

parallel processing system, large numbers of processes occur at the same time, occurs outside of consciousness, enable the mind to automatically combine multiple thoughts/feelings about the self into an integrated whole produced by th4e right hemisphere of the brain

Question 20

Intuitive Behavior Control System: p

Answer 20

playing an instrument that you know well does not require paying attention to every step ACTIVATED WITH POSITIVE EMOTION

Question 21

Discrepancy Detection System

Answer 21

recognizes when something has gone wrong ACTIVATED WITH NEGATIVE EMOTION

Question 22

How does PSI theory explains why Rogers thought his presence was causing the therapy to work

Answer 22

people who seek therapy are generally experience negative emotions, therefore a supporting therapist would reduce these emotions

Question 23

Rogerian Scientific Bases

Answer 23

Rogers had much more scientific bases/methods/open science than Freud (though only used explicit measures which may limit data/ participant’s responses)

Question 24

Systematic, testable, and comprehensive elements of Rogers

Answer 24

Systematic: extremely systematic and well-thought out, but composed much less formal theoretical works (involves quantity problems0
Testable: many elements such as holistic self are, but the universal motivation for self actualization cannot be tested

Question 25

Positive Psychology Movement, Seligman and Csiksentmihalyi

Answer 25

Focus on human strengths, resilience, and proscial behavior
Importance of positive emotions
Importance of “flow’ for the development of personality
Does not have a good explanation for psychopathy and abnormality: only focuses on positive facets and intrinsic motivation

Question 26

Motivational Interviewing:

Answer 26

therapy mechanism developed out of this theory, pinpoints the intrinsic motivation; useful in health, education, parenting, and therapy avenues

Question 27

Self-Determination Theory, Deci and Ryan

Answer 27

Suggests that all human beings have fundamental needs to be competent, autonomous and related to others
Tension reduction theory
Core of the theory is notions of intrinsic motivation and intrinsic rewards, which are most closely related to autonomy (said that people do best when they are rewarded for activities for which they have intrinsic motivation)

Question 28

Efficacy

Answer 28

the ability to get things done to the satisfaction of a person and others

Question 29

Maslows actual hierarchy

Answer 29

Biological/Physiological (bodily needs) Safety/Security (protection from environment, housing, crime security), Belongingness and Love Needs (intimacy, social needs), Esteem Needs (achievement, competence, approval, recognition) and Self-actualization needs (fulfillment of unique potential) IF NEEDS AT A LEVEL FAIL TO BE SATISFIED REGRESSION WILL OCCUR; PROGRESSION OCCURS AS NEEDS ARE MET

Question 30

Growth Motivation:

Answer 30

revolves around intrinsic values such as truth, beauty, goodness, justice, and meaningfulness=where self-actualization occurs