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Psych 383 > Ch4, Psychoanalysis Applications > Flashcards

Ch4, Psychoanalysis Applications Flashcards

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1
Q

Projective tests

A

Use ambiguous stimuli to elicit highly individualistic responses that a clinician may then interpret; test takers construct what they see out of vague stimuli, to reveal individual’s typical style of thinking
Key assumption: the individual’s interpretation of test items are similar to how the person interprets ambiguous circumstances in his or her life

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2
Q

Personality Assessment:

A

any standardized procedure for learning about an individual and individual differences (some may be implicit, where the individual is not asked to describe themselves but their personality is being assessed in other ways)

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3
Q

Criticisms of Free Association as a “Personality test”:

A

inefficient and too slow to meet basic and applied needs, may work as a therapy but NOT as an assessment (assessments need to be efficient so you know who you’re dealing with)

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4
Q

Relationship of Projective Tests to Psychodynamic Theory

A

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the complex organization of personality functioning; the theory views personality as a dynamic system through which the individual organizes and structures external stimuli (THROUGH PROJECTIVE TESTS A CLINICIAN CAN THEREFORE INTERPRET HOW AN INDIVIDUAL GOES ABOUT INTERPRETING EXTERNAL STIMULI)
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of unconscious/defense mechanisms: PURPOSE OF THE TEST IS TO BRING OUT THE “UNCONSCIOUS”
Psychoanalytic theory is “holistic”, in that it tries to cover every single area of a human; projective tests attempt to get a holistic view of the individual

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5
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Consists of 10 cards containing ambiguous inkblots
People are asked to look at the card and tell the clinician what they see
Perceptions that match the structure of the inkblot: suggest healthy psychological functioning that is well oriented and logical
Perceptions that do not match the structure of the inkblot: suggest bizarre behavior or unrealistic perceptions not built on logic

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6
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test

A

Consists of cards with scenes on them
Person is asked to make up story based on the scenes they are seeing

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7
Q

Do Projective Tests Actually Work?

A

Projective tests may validly predict some kinds out outcomes but not others; might only be valid for a narrow range of assessment
Different ways to score projective tests: some may work better than others
LACK VALIDITY
WHY THEY DON’T WORK: ratings of the behavior are subjective to the psychologist doing the scoring which makes it lose validity and reliability (poor inter-judge reliability), content of projective tests items have nothing to do with the test-takers daily life (no content validity)

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8
Q

Fixations:

A

f they receive little or too much gratification in that area, they will remain fixated upon

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9
Q

Regression:

A

individual seeks to return to an earlier mode of satisfaction, often occurs under conditions of stress

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10
Q

Oral Personality Type:

A

Narcissistic, only interested in themselves, aggressive demanding (like children in the oral stage)

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11
Q

Anal Personality:

A

sees excretion as symbolic of enormous power; possess the anal triad: orderliness and cleanliness (reaction formation against disorder) parsimony and stinginess (holding onto things) and obstinancy (unwillingness to part with things stemming from unwillingness to part with stool at others command as a child)

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12
Q

Phallic Personality:

A

male part of this is needing to assert masculinity and dominance and how big his dick is, female counterpart identifies with the mother and uses seduction to flirt with her father while denying sexual intent and then does the same thing with other men later in life

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13
Q

Psychopathology

A

results from individual’s efforts to gratify instincts that were fixated at an earlier stage of development
there is a conflict between a drive or wish (instinct) and the ego’s sense (anxiety) that danger will ensue if the wish is expressed/discharged

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14
Q

Transference: d

A

development of attitudes toward the analyst that are based on attitudes held earlier toward parental figures

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15
Q

Psychopathology vs. psychoanalysis

A

Psychopathology: involves damming up instincts and using energy for defense purposes; fixation an early stage
Psychoanalysis: involves a redistribution of energy so that more energy is available for mature, guiltless, and more gratifying activities; individuals become free to resume normal development

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16
Q

Corrective Emotional Experience:

A

analysis conflict is less intense than original traumatic situation, analyst assumes attitude that is different from patient’s parents, patients are older/more mature and their egos have developed better

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17
Q

Adler, Opposition to Freud

A

People consciously experience feelings of inferiority and are motivated to compensate for them
How a person copes with these feelings is a distinctive aspect of their personality functioning
More of a social perspective than Freud; Adler started as a psychoanalyst but his ideas were quickly rejected there
Inferiority; really meant dependency for Adler, large part of human motivation is to become more autonomous and more capable (everyone is born in an inferior state, so therefore they must work their way out of that state)

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18
Q

Collective Unconscious:

A

cumulative experiences of past generations, universal and shared by all humans/ contains archetypes: universal images or symbols (the Mother archetype)

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19
Q

Mandala, Jung:

A

circular symbols that contain pathways toward a centerpoint, serve as vivid symbols of the struggle for knowledge of our true selves

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19
Q

Otto Rank, Opposition to Freud

A

Rank’s first idea to contradict Freud was that birth was the first instance of trauma in a child’s life, not the Oedipus complex; this is obviously not correct because infants do not have the ability to code and store long term memories
Client-centered therapy instead of analyst-centered therapy

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20
Q

Karen Horney

A

Emphasized cultural influence instead of biological and physiological like Freud
Three considerations led her to this argument: role of culture in the development of gender identity, association with Erich Fromm (more of a social psychologist) and observed differences in personality structure between European individuals and US individuals

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21
Q

Theory of Neuroses, Horney:

A

in the neurotic person there is conflict among three ways of responding to child anxiety (the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world) moving toward, moving against and moving away

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22
Q

Coping Mechanisns, Horney

A

Moving Toward: seek others for comfort
Moving Against: lashing out at others
Moving Away: isolating oneself

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23
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

Emphasized the role of social and interpersonal forces in human development
The “self” is social in origin; individuals’ self-identity is built up over the years through their perceptions of how they are regarded by significant people in their environments.
“Good me: associated with pleasurable experiences
“Bad Me”: associated with pain and threats to security
The “not me” refers to the unknown, repressed component of the self.

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24
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

branch of psychodynamic thought that focuses on relationships being more crucial to personality development than are individual drives and abilities
Object: in this case refers to a person
Concerned with how experiences with important individuals in one’s life are represented as parts or aspects of the self and then in turn affect one’s relationship with others in the present

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25
Q

self-Psychology and Narcissism

A

Investment of mental energy into the self: what psychodynamic psychologists said to be narcissism (not the disorder)

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26
Q

Attachment Theory

A

Attachment Behavioral System, Bowlby: psychological system specifically dedicated to parent-child relationships
System that motivates infant to be close to parent, especially under threat

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27
Q

Internal Working Models:

A

child-parent relations create representations that contain abstract beliefs and expectations about significant others, once formed they endure (research does support this, but further research is needed to determine the experiences in childhood that determine these models)

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28
Q

“Strange Situation Experiment”,

A

Ainsworth: identified secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment styles with parents when testing separation between parent/child

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29
Q

Attachment types

A

Secure: infants are sensitive about their parents leaving, but are glad to have them back when reunited
Anxious-Avoidant: little protest when parent leaves, doesn’t care when they return
Anxious-Ambivalent: difficulty separating and difficulty having parent back

30
Q

CRITICISMS OF ATTACHMENT THEORIES:

A

assume each individual has only one attachment style, continuity in these over time are an area of debate

31
Q

What areas of the brain play a role in attachment?

A

Limbic System plays a large role in attachment as it is the emotional center for the brain
Cerebellum: involved in the experience of emotion and emotional experience

32
Q

Neuropsychoanalysis:

A

movement, not created by any one theory; endeavor to see whether modern neuroscience supports Freud’s ideas (Mark Solms coined the term)

33
Q

Neuropsychoanalysis: , Animalistic Drive/Models in Human Emotion

A

Neuroscience findings are consistent with the idea that neural systems are similar in structure/function between humans and animals and directly contribute to these feeling of states (specifically the subcortical region)

34
Q

Neuropsychoanalysis, Confabulation

A

Freud would assume most clients were lying, but not consciously: their defense mechanisms would distort the truth and therefore
Criticisms of this: difficult to determine whether patient is deceiving themselves or intentionally deceiving the clinician

35
Q

Neuropsychoanalysis, Dreaming and Brain

A

Dreaming: influenced by upper brain mechanisms, involve thinking memory (just as a Freudian would expect)

36
Q

Limitations of neuropsychonalaysis

A

Tends to focus on the ways that neuropsychoanalysis and Freud’s original theories are consistent, but there are many ways in which it is inconsistent
No evidence for the death instinct
No evidence for life experiences having a fixed effect on personality, with no changes occurring after the start of the latency period

37
Q

Strengths of Psychoanalysis

A

Provides for the discovery and investigation of many interesting phenomena
Develops techniques for research and therapy (free association, dream interpretation, transference analysis)
Recognizes the complexity of human behavior
Encompasses a broad range of phenomena

38
Q

Freud’s Topographical Model

A

“the mental iceberg”
Preconscious: can be accessed when relaxed and attempting to do so; involves memories and stored knowledge
Unconscious Level: immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful experiences, violent motives, fears, MOST IMPORTANT, all things anxiety-provoking, pressing for recognition/satisfaction

39
Q

Seduction HYpothesis:

A

idea that anxiety, depression, and hysteria have their roots in sexual trauma inflicted upon children

40
Q

Freud’s Fundamental Assumption:

A

if there is a discontinuity in consciousness, then the mental processes needed to bridge the gap must be unconscious

41
Q

Freudian slip

A

very glad to beat you” instead of “very glad to meet you” psychoanalysis would explain this from repressed aggressive instincts (FREUDIAN SLIP), aggression is not socially acceptable and therefore must find a path of “least resistance” to express itself

42
Q

How does Freud explain homosexuality?

A

gay man is someone who is looking for male presence in men other than his weak father

43
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Neurotic Anxiety: anxiety about things that haven’t happened yet

44
Q

Moral Anxiety:

A

anxiety of the experience when we feel we are not “rule following well”; ego is not resolving conflict well

45
Q

Objective Anxiety:

A

fear when you are in a threatening situation

46
Q

Valiant’s Classification of Freud’s Defense Mechanisms

A

Level One: these are pathological/compulsive—-denial, extreme projection
Level Two: these are immature–projection, somatization
Level Three: these are neurotic—- displacement, repression, reaction formation
Level 4: these are mature—sublimation, humor, thought suppression

47
Q

Difference between denial and avoidance

A

denial is when people simply do not recognize a situation as it is/ specifically denies motives
Avoidance: you KNOW something is there, you just don’t want to deal with

48
Q

Difference between primitive defense mechanisms and neurotic/mature mechanisms.

A

“Text on Computer” primitive defense mechanisms DELETE/BLACKEN TEXT: it becomes unavailable; neurotic/mature mechanisms rewrite/reorganize the text–it may look different but it is still there

49
Q

Analytical Psychology: J

A

Jung’s own movement apart from Freud

50
Q

Jung’s view of libido

A

Saw libido not only as a sexual instinct but also has a basic energy that propels humans toward creativity/pleasure

51
Q

Unity of Self, Jung

A

self is the center of personality, central archetype that organizes all the others, organizes a person’s whole psychological system

52
Q

Jung “Midlife Crisis”:

A

reflection on one’s own sense of meaning, goals, and organization (similar to generativity vs. stagnation)

53
Q

Personal Unconscious, Jung

A

Contains feelings, ideas, wishes, memories that have been repressed or forgotten
Personal unconscious also harbors complexes: significant clusters of ideas, thoughts, emotions, memories,that are often disturbing, strongly influence some people’s lives
Inspired Freud’s Oedipus Complex

54
Q

Anima and Animus archetypes

A

Anima: female archetype
Animus: male archetype (ALL OF US HAVE MALE AND FEMALE ARCHETYPES) (if one of us buries the other too deep, we lose the qualities of that archetype, they need to be in balance)

55
Q

Shadow archetype

A

manifests all that is relatively ugly in people (base instincts that cause problems if we’re not aware of them) Voldemort

56
Q

Persona and Self Archetypes

A

The Persona: the mask; the face that we present to society
Self: real person that we are inside

57
Q

Freud’s structural model

A

defense mechanisms

58
Q

Who invented the term introversion and extroversion?

A

Invented the terms introversion and extroversion (needing greater amount of social contacts)
We all have introversion and extroversion as part of ourselves; just depends on which one is repressed or not (the repressed one can be drawn out from the unconscious), SIMILAR TO HIS IDEAS OF ARCHETYPES

59
Q

Jung’s Developmental Stages

A

Childhood: birth—puberty; developing abilities and skills, children have incestuous wishes, but they are not sexual
Young adulthood: main task to encounter and adapt to outside world
Middle Age: late thirties to old age,period of contemplation and deepening values and spirituality MOST IMPORTANT; midlife crisis
Old Age:bless important, a time of loss of capacity/slide toward unconsciousness

60
Q

Individual Psychology

A

Inferiority Complex: humans are motivated by social interest** and the need to escape inferiority
Inferiority; really meant dependency for Adler, large part of human motivation is to become more autonomous and more capable (everyone is born in an inferior state, so therefore they must work their way out of that state)
Social Interest: desire to connect with others

61
Q

Masculine Protest and birth order, Adler

A

superiority striving can become neurotic, compulsive and relentless (toxic masculinity in men)

62
Q

Teleology:

A

idea that human behavior is future/goal directed AND past directed, not ONLY just determined by the past like Freud said (shares this idea with Jung, but they did not agree on everything else)

63
Q

Erich Fromm’s Criticisms of Freud

A

Freud underestimated the extent to which humans are historically/culturally situated
Biological motivators (instinctors), especially libido, are important but not necessarily central
Humans are innately social creatures; Freud’s psychosexual stages are biological, yes, but they are also about SOCIAL DILEMMAS
Freud saw acts of benevolence as reaction formation against aggression; Fromm said that humans also have prosocial tendencies (they’re not just bad)
Humans have other motivations other than just sex and aggression
FROMM: HUMAN EXISTENCE IS A LIFELONG SEARCH FOR SECURITY THROUGH RELATEDNESS
Most important modern conflicts are autonomy vs. conformity to the society/and individuation, which is the fear of

64
Q

Basic Evil, Horney

A

Basic Evil: what happens when a child is abused, when a child is in a bad situation, child has to try to figure out how to manage this
^Basic evil leads to basic anxiety/hostility: child becomes anxious and hostile in response to abuse

65
Q

Horney’s basic needs

A

HUMAN BASIC NEED IS SECURITY (Erich Fromm ideas)

66
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan, Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, Tension Reduction Model

A

Sullivan adopted a tension reduction model of personality: HUMANS ARE MOTIVATED BY TWO BASIC NEEDS, SECURITY AND SATISFACTION OF BODILY NEEDS
Threats to security and to bodily needs results in anxiety, humans will do anything to avoid anxiety

67
Q

Selective Inattention coping mechanism, Sullivan

A

only selectively pay attention to things

68
Q

Dynamisms, Sullivan

A

“relatively enduring pattern of energy transformations which recurrently characterize an organism in its duration as a living organism,” individual differences?

69
Q

Self-Dynamism:

A

which is at the center of personality organization, way of interacting with people over time, develops minute child is born, becomes more adept at fighting anxiety throughout the person’s lifetime

70
Q

Heinz Kohut, Self Psychology

A

Young children are egocentric, or what he considered to be narcissistic
Mirroring: parent mirrors needs of the child
Children gain sense of self through mirroring
Self-regulation and self esteem are ta the center of personality development
In adult relationships, partners are self objects to each other and mirror each other in satisfactory ways

71
Q

Ambivalent:

A

intense clinging and resistance to separation but then variates between approach and avoidance when parent returns (secure, avoidant, disorganized)

72
Q

Disorganized

A

unpredictable; hesitate, freeze when parent returns

73
Q
A

Psych 383 (17 decks)

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