Ch4, Psychoanalysis Applications

Question 1

Projective tests

Answer 1

Use ambiguous stimuli to elicit highly individualistic responses that a clinician may then interpret; test takers construct what they see out of vague stimuli, to reveal individual’s typical style of thinking
Key assumption: the individual’s interpretation of test items are similar to how the person interprets ambiguous circumstances in his or her life

Question 2

Personality Assessment:

Answer 2

any standardized procedure for learning about an individual and individual differences (some may be implicit, where the individual is not asked to describe themselves but their personality is being assessed in other ways)

Question 3

Criticisms of Free Association as a “Personality test”:

Answer 3

inefficient and too slow to meet basic and applied needs, may work as a therapy but NOT as an assessment (assessments need to be efficient so you know who you’re dealing with)

Question 4

Relationship of Projective Tests to Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 4

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the complex organization of personality functioning; the theory views personality as a dynamic system through which the individual organizes and structures external stimuli (THROUGH PROJECTIVE TESTS A CLINICIAN CAN THEREFORE INTERPRET HOW AN INDIVIDUAL GOES ABOUT INTERPRETING EXTERNAL STIMULI)
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of unconscious/defense mechanisms: PURPOSE OF THE TEST IS TO BRING OUT THE “UNCONSCIOUS”
Psychoanalytic theory is “holistic”, in that it tries to cover every single area of a human; projective tests attempt to get a holistic view of the individual

Question 5

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 5

Consists of 10 cards containing ambiguous inkblots
People are asked to look at the card and tell the clinician what they see
Perceptions that match the structure of the inkblot: suggest healthy psychological functioning that is well oriented and logical
Perceptions that do not match the structure of the inkblot: suggest bizarre behavior or unrealistic perceptions not built on logic

Question 6

The Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 6

Consists of cards with scenes on them
Person is asked to make up story based on the scenes they are seeing

Question 7

Do Projective Tests Actually Work?

Answer 7

Projective tests may validly predict some kinds out outcomes but not others; might only be valid for a narrow range of assessment
Different ways to score projective tests: some may work better than others
LACK VALIDITY
WHY THEY DON’T WORK: ratings of the behavior are subjective to the psychologist doing the scoring which makes it lose validity and reliability (poor inter-judge reliability), content of projective tests items have nothing to do with the test-takers daily life (no content validity)

Question 8

Fixations:

Answer 8

f they receive little or too much gratification in that area, they will remain fixated upon

Question 9

Regression:

Answer 9

individual seeks to return to an earlier mode of satisfaction, often occurs under conditions of stress

Question 10

Oral Personality Type:

Answer 10

Narcissistic, only interested in themselves, aggressive demanding (like children in the oral stage)

Question 11

Anal Personality:

Answer 11

sees excretion as symbolic of enormous power; possess the anal triad: orderliness and cleanliness (reaction formation against disorder) parsimony and stinginess (holding onto things) and obstinancy (unwillingness to part with things stemming from unwillingness to part with stool at others command as a child)

Question 12

Phallic Personality:

Answer 12

male part of this is needing to assert masculinity and dominance and how big his dick is, female counterpart identifies with the mother and uses seduction to flirt with her father while denying sexual intent and then does the same thing with other men later in life

Question 13

Psychopathology

Answer 13

results from individual’s efforts to gratify instincts that were fixated at an earlier stage of development
there is a conflict between a drive or wish (instinct) and the ego’s sense (anxiety) that danger will ensue if the wish is expressed/discharged

Question 14

Transference: d

Answer 14

development of attitudes toward the analyst that are based on attitudes held earlier toward parental figures

Question 15

Psychopathology vs. psychoanalysis

Answer 15

Psychopathology: involves damming up instincts and using energy for defense purposes; fixation an early stage
Psychoanalysis: involves a redistribution of energy so that more energy is available for mature, guiltless, and more gratifying activities; individuals become free to resume normal development

Question 16

Corrective Emotional Experience:

Answer 16

analysis conflict is less intense than original traumatic situation, analyst assumes attitude that is different from patient’s parents, patients are older/more mature and their egos have developed better

Question 17

Adler, Opposition to Freud

Answer 17

People consciously experience feelings of inferiority and are motivated to compensate for them
How a person copes with these feelings is a distinctive aspect of their personality functioning
More of a social perspective than Freud; Adler started as a psychoanalyst but his ideas were quickly rejected there
Inferiority; really meant dependency for Adler, large part of human motivation is to become more autonomous and more capable (everyone is born in an inferior state, so therefore they must work their way out of that state)

Question 18

Collective Unconscious:

Answer 18

cumulative experiences of past generations, universal and shared by all humans/ contains archetypes: universal images or symbols (the Mother archetype)

Question 19

Mandala, Jung:

Answer 19

circular symbols that contain pathways toward a centerpoint, serve as vivid symbols of the struggle for knowledge of our true selves

Question 19

Otto Rank, Opposition to Freud

Answer 19

Rank’s first idea to contradict Freud was that birth was the first instance of trauma in a child’s life, not the Oedipus complex; this is obviously not correct because infants do not have the ability to code and store long term memories
Client-centered therapy instead of analyst-centered therapy

Question 20

Karen Horney

Answer 20

Emphasized cultural influence instead of biological and physiological like Freud
Three considerations led her to this argument: role of culture in the development of gender identity, association with Erich Fromm (more of a social psychologist) and observed differences in personality structure between European individuals and US individuals

Question 21

Theory of Neuroses, Horney:

Answer 21

in the neurotic person there is conflict among three ways of responding to child anxiety (the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world) moving toward, moving against and moving away

Question 22

Coping Mechanisns, Horney

Answer 22

Moving Toward: seek others for comfort
Moving Against: lashing out at others
Moving Away: isolating oneself

Question 23

Harry Stack Sullivan

Answer 23

Emphasized the role of social and interpersonal forces in human development
The “self” is social in origin; individuals’ self-identity is built up over the years through their perceptions of how they are regarded by significant people in their environments.
“Good me: associated with pleasurable experiences
“Bad Me”: associated with pain and threats to security
The “not me” refers to the unknown, repressed component of the self.

Question 24

Object Relations Theory

Answer 24

branch of psychodynamic thought that focuses on relationships being more crucial to personality development than are individual drives and abilities Object: in this case refers to a person Concerned with how experiences with important individuals in one’s life are represented as parts or aspects of the self and then in turn affect one’s relationship with others in the present

Question 25

self-Psychology and Narcissism

Answer 25

Investment of mental energy into the self: what psychodynamic psychologists said to be narcissism (not the disorder)

Question 26

Attachment Theory

Answer 26

Attachment Behavioral System, Bowlby: psychological system specifically dedicated to parent-child relationships System that motivates infant to be close to parent, especially under threat

Question 27

Internal Working Models:

Answer 27

child-parent relations create representations that contain abstract beliefs and expectations about significant others, once formed they endure (research does support this, but further research is needed to determine the experiences in childhood that determine these models)

Question 28

“Strange Situation Experiment”,

Answer 28

Ainsworth: identified secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment styles with parents when testing separation between parent/child

Question 29

Attachment types

Answer 29

Secure: infants are sensitive about their parents leaving, but are glad to have them back when reunited Anxious-Avoidant: little protest when parent leaves, doesn’t care when they return Anxious-Ambivalent: difficulty separating and difficulty having parent back

Question 30

CRITICISMS OF ATTACHMENT THEORIES:

Answer 30

assume each individual has only one attachment style, continuity in these over time are an area of debate

Question 31

What areas of the brain play a role in attachment?

Answer 31

Limbic System plays a large role in attachment as it is the emotional center for the brain Cerebellum: involved in the experience of emotion and emotional experience

Question 32

Neuropsychoanalysis:

Answer 32

movement, not created by any one theory; endeavor to see whether modern neuroscience supports Freud’s ideas (Mark Solms coined the term)

Question 33

Neuropsychoanalysis: , Animalistic Drive/Models in Human Emotion

Answer 33

Neuroscience findings are consistent with the idea that neural systems are similar in structure/function between humans and animals and directly contribute to these feeling of states (specifically the subcortical region)

Question 34

Neuropsychoanalysis, Confabulation

Answer 34

Freud would assume most clients were lying, but not consciously: their defense mechanisms would distort the truth and therefore Criticisms of this: difficult to determine whether patient is deceiving themselves or intentionally deceiving the clinician

Question 35

Neuropsychoanalysis, Dreaming and Brain

Answer 35

Dreaming: influenced by upper brain mechanisms, involve thinking memory (just as a Freudian would expect)

Question 36

Limitations of neuropsychonalaysis

Answer 36

Tends to focus on the ways that neuropsychoanalysis and Freud’s original theories are consistent, but there are many ways in which it is inconsistent No evidence for the death instinct No evidence for life experiences having a fixed effect on personality, with no changes occurring after the start of the latency period

Question 37

Strengths of Psychoanalysis

Answer 37

Provides for the discovery and investigation of many interesting phenomena Develops techniques for research and therapy (free association, dream interpretation, transference analysis) Recognizes the complexity of human behavior Encompasses a broad range of phenomena

Question 38

Freud's Topographical Model

Answer 38

“the mental iceberg” Preconscious: can be accessed when relaxed and attempting to do so; involves memories and stored knowledge Unconscious Level: immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful experiences, violent motives, fears, MOST IMPORTANT, all things anxiety-provoking, pressing for recognition/satisfaction

Question 39

Seduction HYpothesis:

Answer 39

idea that anxiety, depression, and hysteria have their roots in sexual trauma inflicted upon children

Question 40

Freud’s Fundamental Assumption:

Answer 40

if there is a discontinuity in consciousness, then the mental processes needed to bridge the gap must be unconscious

Question 41

Freudian slip

Answer 41

very glad to beat you” instead of “very glad to meet you” psychoanalysis would explain this from repressed aggressive instincts (FREUDIAN SLIP), aggression is not socially acceptable and therefore must find a path of “least resistance” to express itself

Question 42

How does Freud explain homosexuality?

Answer 42

gay man is someone who is looking for male presence in men other than his weak father

Question 43

Neurotic Anxiety

Answer 43

Neurotic Anxiety: anxiety about things that haven’t happened yet

Question 44

Moral Anxiety:

Answer 44

anxiety of the experience when we feel we are not “rule following well”; ego is not resolving conflict well

Question 45

Objective Anxiety:

Answer 45

fear when you are in a threatening situation

Question 46

Valiant’s Classification of Freud’s Defense Mechanisms

Answer 46

Level One: these are pathological/compulsive—-denial, extreme projection Level Two: these are immature–projection, somatization Level Three: these are neurotic—- displacement, repression, reaction formation Level 4: these are mature—sublimation, humor, thought suppression

Question 47

Difference between denial and avoidance

Answer 47

denial is when people simply do not recognize a situation as it is/ specifically denies motives Avoidance: you KNOW something is there, you just don’t want to deal with

Question 48

Difference between primitive defense mechanisms and neurotic/mature mechanisms.

Answer 48

“Text on Computer” primitive defense mechanisms DELETE/BLACKEN TEXT: it becomes unavailable; neurotic/mature mechanisms rewrite/reorganize the text–it may look different but it is still there

Question 49

Analytical Psychology: J

Answer 49

Jung’s own movement apart from Freud

Question 50

Jung's view of libido

Answer 50

Saw libido not only as a sexual instinct but also has a basic energy that propels humans toward creativity/pleasure

Question 51

Unity of Self, Jung

Answer 51

self is the center of personality, central archetype that organizes all the others, organizes a person’s whole psychological system

Question 52

Jung “Midlife Crisis”:

Answer 52

reflection on one’s own sense of meaning, goals, and organization (similar to generativity vs. stagnation)

Question 53

Personal Unconscious, Jung

Answer 53

Contains feelings, ideas, wishes, memories that have been repressed or forgotten Personal unconscious also harbors complexes: significant clusters of ideas, thoughts, emotions, memories,that are often disturbing, strongly influence some people’s lives Inspired Freud’s Oedipus Complex

Question 54

Anima and Animus archetypes

Answer 54

Anima: female archetype Animus: male archetype (ALL OF US HAVE MALE AND FEMALE ARCHETYPES) (if one of us buries the other too deep, we lose the qualities of that archetype, they need to be in balance)

Question 55

Shadow archetype

Answer 55

manifests all that is relatively ugly in people (base instincts that cause problems if we’re not aware of them) Voldemort

Question 56

Persona and Self Archetypes

Answer 56

The Persona: the mask; the face that we present to society Self: real person that we are inside

Question 57

Freud's structural model

Answer 57

defense mechanisms

Question 58

Who invented the term introversion and extroversion?

Answer 58

Invented the terms introversion and extroversion (needing greater amount of social contacts) We all have introversion and extroversion as part of ourselves; just depends on which one is repressed or not (the repressed one can be drawn out from the unconscious), SIMILAR TO HIS IDEAS OF ARCHETYPES

Question 59

Jung's Developmental Stages

Answer 59

Childhood: birth—puberty; developing abilities and skills, children have incestuous wishes, but they are not sexual Young adulthood: main task to encounter and adapt to outside world Middle Age: late thirties to old age,period of contemplation and deepening values and spirituality MOST IMPORTANT; midlife crisis Old Age:bless important, a time of loss of capacity/slide toward unconsciousness

Question 60

Individual Psychology

Answer 60

Inferiority Complex: humans are motivated by social interest**** and the need to escape inferiority Inferiority; really meant dependency for Adler, large part of human motivation is to become more autonomous and more capable (everyone is born in an inferior state, so therefore they must work their way out of that state) Social Interest: desire to connect with others

Question 61

Masculine Protest and birth order, Adler

Answer 61

superiority striving can become neurotic, compulsive and relentless (toxic masculinity in men)

Question 62

Teleology:

Answer 62

idea that human behavior is future/goal directed AND past directed, not ONLY just determined by the past like Freud said (shares this idea with Jung, but they did not agree on everything else)

Question 63

Erich Fromm’s Criticisms of Freud

Answer 63

Freud underestimated the extent to which humans are historically/culturally situated Biological motivators (instinctors), especially libido, are important but not necessarily central Humans are innately social creatures; Freud’s psychosexual stages are biological, yes, but they are also about SOCIAL DILEMMAS Freud saw acts of benevolence as reaction formation against aggression; Fromm said that humans also have prosocial tendencies (they’re not just bad) Humans have other motivations other than just sex and aggression FROMM: HUMAN EXISTENCE IS A LIFELONG SEARCH FOR SECURITY THROUGH RELATEDNESS Most important modern conflicts are autonomy vs. conformity to the society/and individuation, which is the fear of

Question 64

Basic Evil, Horney

Answer 64

Basic Evil: what happens when a child is abused, when a child is in a bad situation, child has to try to figure out how to manage this ^Basic evil leads to basic anxiety/hostility: child becomes anxious and hostile in response to abuse

Question 65

Horney's basic needs

Answer 65

HUMAN BASIC NEED IS SECURITY (Erich Fromm ideas)

Question 66

Harry Stack Sullivan, Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, Tension Reduction Model

Answer 66

Sullivan adopted a tension reduction model of personality: HUMANS ARE MOTIVATED BY TWO BASIC NEEDS, SECURITY AND SATISFACTION OF BODILY NEEDS Threats to security and to bodily needs results in anxiety, humans will do anything to avoid anxiety

Question 67

Selective Inattention coping mechanism, Sullivan

Answer 67

only selectively pay attention to things

Question 68

Dynamisms, Sullivan

Answer 68

“relatively enduring pattern of energy transformations which recurrently characterize an organism in its duration as a living organism,” individual differences?

Question 69

Self-Dynamism:

Answer 69

which is at the center of personality organization, way of interacting with people over time, develops minute child is born, becomes more adept at fighting anxiety throughout the person’s lifetime

Question 70

Heinz Kohut, Self Psychology

Answer 70

Young children are egocentric, or what he considered to be narcissistic Mirroring: parent mirrors needs of the child Children gain sense of self through mirroring Self-regulation and self esteem are ta the center of personality development In adult relationships, partners are self objects to each other and mirror each other in satisfactory ways

Question 71

Ambivalent:

Answer 71

intense clinging and resistance to separation but then variates between approach and avoidance when parent returns (secure, avoidant, disorganized)

Question 72

Disorganized

Answer 72

unpredictable; hesitate, freeze when parent returns