CH.6 - Class & Inequality

Question 1

proletariat (working class)

Answer 1

The social group that exchanged labour for wages.

Question 2

bourgeoisie(capitalists)

Answer 2

The social group that posses capital and thus also owns and commands the means of production

Question 3

Class

Answer 3

The division of people into social groups based on the distribution of material resources and power

Question 4

Class conscioiusness

Answer 4

A shared sense of identity and common interests that stems from an awareness of similar econnomic position

Question 5

Socioeconomic status

Answer 5

A method of ranking people that combines measures of income, wealth, and prestige.

Question 6

Social stratification

Answer 6

A hierarchal system of inequality that is based on class, socioeconomic status, and power combined with other forms of differentiation, such as gender and ethnicity.

Question 7

Conspicuous Consumption

Answer 7

Purchasing of valuable goods to express class belonging and status

Question 8

Upward Mobility

Answer 8

• to move to a higher position in the stratification heirarchy
• Canada has high social mobility
• edu. can help with social mobility
• Grow up poor = going through poverty cycles, limits opportunities to rise up

Question 9

Exchange mobility

Answer 9

Movement within an occupational hierarchy that can only occue when an exsisting position becomes vacant.
(The role of president is filled until they time out and sb else can fill role)

Question 10

Structure mobility

Answer 10

Movement withing an occupational hierarchy that can occur as a result of the creation of new jobs or positions without displacing jobs of others.

Question 11

Primary labour market

Answer 11

Industries that provide jobs with high wages, good opportunities for advancement, and job security. (Jobs in tech are in high demand now compared to labour jobs)

Question 12

Secondary labour market

Answer 12

Sectors in the economy that offer low-paying jobs characterized by fewer opportunities for advancement and insecurity.

Question 13

Intergenerational Mobility

Answer 13

The movement of people into positions that are higher or lower than the positions held by thier parents. (Most likely from getting an education)

Question 14

Intragenerational (career) mobility

Answer 14

Social mobility within a person’s lifespan into positions that are higher or lower
(social mobiltiy can be affected by ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual beliefs)

Question 15

Downward mobility

Answer 15

Social mobility into lower-regarded and lower-paid jobs. (w/ ppl lose thier job and take a worse job)

Question 16

Underemployment

Answer 16

Employment in a job that requires far less expertise, skill, or ability than the job-holder has to offer.

Question 17

Measuring poverty and well-being

Answer 17

Lack of income needed to fulfill basic needs & lack of access to education, health care, and political representation

Question 18

Low income cut-off

Answer 18

A method used to measure the income thresholds in which a familiy will spend a larger portion of its income in essential necessities compared to a higher income family.
(Might spend ab 1/2 of income on essentials compared to a higher income family that may spend ab 1/5)

Question 19

Market basket measure

Answer 19

Calculates how much income a household requires to meet its need, including basic needs, and needs that satisfy community norms

Question 20

Low income measure

Answer 20

Calculates low income threshold of a household as one half of the meidan income in same-sized households in similar sized communities.

Question 21

Absolute poverty

Answer 21

Level at which a persons income does not meet basic survival needs

Question 22

Relative poverty

Answer 22

Person’s income meets basic needs but they live below general living standard

Question 23

Stigma

Answer 23

Marginalized because of someone’s life circumstances or characteristics, excluding that person from full social acceptance

Question 24

Hidden homeless

Answer 24

People without homes who stay in friends and families houses rather than shelters

Question 25

Indigenous pop. and ecomonic challenges

Answer 25

• inadequate health care
• high costs of living
• high unemployment rates

Question 26

Food banks

Answer 26

Use of food banks are due to: unstable economy, unemployment, refugees, spike in food prices
* not all ppl using food banks are homeless

Question 27

Social derterminants of health

Answer 27

The social factors affecting a persoms health and well-being
* healthy eating and lifestyle
* ppl w higher education have better health
* things that affect health are edu., income, employment, childhood devel., gender, racialization, immigration, working conditions

Question 28

Childhood education and childcare

Answer 28

Children that are exposed to early education will gain more advantages in later life

Question 29

Formal education and credentials

Answer 29

• edu. is the single most important equalizer in society
• edu. helps w finding a job, getting a higher wage, and maintaing employment

Question 30

Safety nets

Answer 30

• 3rd party solution to inequality
• programs that provide social assistance, universal health care, homeless shelters and foodbanks
• In canada we have a publiclly funded health care system

Question 31

Social assistance

Answer 31

Programs that provide payments to lowest earning individuals who fail to meet basic needs
* but this system often fails ppl who use it as ppl still use food banks and still cannot give thier kids access to equal opportunities

Question 32

Universal Basic Income

Answer 32

A monthly payment to all members of society guarunteeing acceptable standard of living such as welfare (seen during covid with cerb)