CH.12 - Work

Question 1

industrial society

Answer 1

a society that uses advance technology that, when combines with a detailed division of labour, promotes mass production and a high standard of living.
* machinerery takes over regular jobs for items to be mass produced
* industrial societies provide healthcare, edu., welfare and is dominated by middle class

Question 2

Convergance thesis

Answer 2

under conditioons of modernization, less developed socities will change more rapidly than well developed nations. Eventually all socities reach same level of social, economic, and cultural conditions.

Question 3

What four things are needed to have a consumer society?

Answer 3

• mass production
• mass consumerism
• mass distribution
• mass communication

Question 4

Key processes of industrialization

division of labour

Answer 4

the coordination of assignment of different parts of a job to different people to improve efficiency

Question 5

Key processes of industrialization

specialization

Answer 5

different individuals or groups focus on production a limitied range of goods or services to yield greater efficiency overall

Question 6

Key processes of industrialization

organic solidarity

Answer 6

social cohesion based on the division of labouor that results in people depending on each other; it binds ppl in technologicaly advance, industrialized societies.

Question 7

Key processes of industrialization

taylorism

Answer 7

breaking down tasks into small repetitive steps to cut down on wasted time.
* This creates alienation and takes away from skill set

Question 8

Key processes of industrialization

toyotism

Answer 8

each person gets a single task but the japanese approach stresses job enrichment to reduce boredom.

Question 9

bureacracy

Answer 9

workplace filled w ppl who fill specialized/ white-collar roles who have people of more authority above them and less below them

Question 10

professionalization

Answer 10

dont report to a bass as they are self employed. They don’t have subordinates to control.
* professionals must have credential to show qualification

Question 11

proletarianization

Answer 11

• some professions are losing thier high status
• emergance of junior wage-working class amoung professionals w/ qualifications.

Question 12

The bureaucratization of work

Answer 12

• a defining feature of modern worklife
• as organizations grow larger bureaucratization usually follows as it has a set of rules for how people should perform their job

Question 13

4 elements of mcdonaldization

Answer 13

1. concern w efficacy
2. calculating
3. predicatbility
4. control

Question 14

neoliberalism

Question 15

class

Answer 15

marx: a group of people who share the same relationship to the means of production, or capital
weber: a group of people who share a common ecominc position based on property and athority

Question 16

marxism

Answer 16

• owners of production(bourgeoise) are in conflict w/ working class
• bourgeoise exploits working class by gaining profit from what workers produce by keeping wages low and pirce of product high.

Question 17

2 properties of capitalism

Answer 17

• exploitation: working class recieves less than price of finished product than capitalists
• Alienation: dehumanization of wokers, not satisfying of fulfilling work.

Question 18

Weber

Answer 18

• focused on power and how racialized grouops have different experiences than non-racialized ppl
• often in lower paying jobs and there is a wage gap
• immigrants with edu. have worst jobs in canada
• immigrants w edu. are employed in jobs that require hs edu. or less
• deprofessionalization
• indig. ppl have high unemployment rate, or have low paying jobs due to lack of edu., qualification or experience
• if indig. ppl had same access to networking they could have more access to equal opportunities

Question 19

Economic turmoil

Answer 19

• capitalists create economic turmoil -> COVID-19 created job loss because there had to be social distancing
• capitalists invest w/ market is high and leave before market falls
• they replace ppl w machines to get more profit rather than give into workers wanting a higher wage

Question 20

Conflict theory

Answer 20

• class, work, and status
• class consciousness
• before one could easily distingush b/w blue-collar vs white-collar jobs but now white collar jobs are lossing their prestige due to exploitation

Question 21

Functionalism

Answer 21

• work is a basic human need
• everyone profits when everyone works
• ppl w more edu. have more sucessful higher paying jobs
• inequality in jobs creates motivation
• ppl with higher edu. face higher consequences for mistake (surgeon compared to mcdonalds worker)

Question 22

Feminism

Answer 22

• women suffer from disavantages at work
• patriarchy controls workforce
• wage gap
• capitalists benefit from unpaid labour of women
• women work in more caring and emotional roles which could be due to stereotypes
• ppl w/ gender identities or trans ppl face discrimination

Question 23

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 23

• attatching meaning to being poor and rich -> rich = hardworking, poor = lazy
• machines and tech taking over jobs

Question 24

Postindustrialization

Answer 24

an economic system based on knowledge rather than factory made goods
* knowledge is a primary tool to benefit society
* workforce shift from labour to knowledge

Question 25

How tech influences the workplace

Answer 25

tech=less exhausting work = more leisure time
* created inequality as it replaces ppl at bottom of work hierarchy
* machines lessen human error, work faster, and have more presicion and produce product faster
* creates high unemployment rates
* rise in virtual work

Question 26

Modern capitalism and neoliberalism

Answer 26

• don’t own production or sell labour to capitalists -> doctors, lawyers, elected officials
• usually have expert knowledge
• have authority w/out controlling wealth

Question 27

Globalization

Answer 27

• neoliberal driven globalization: sending ppl overseas, lower wages, unpredicatble and temp. employment has grown
• expand in commerce, tourism, and finance= more jobs in hotel, cleaning and food industry
• immigrants experience downward mobility
• internantional students leave country after getting edu. due to discrimination, language barriers, and being away from family

Question 28

Feminization of work

Answer 28

• 39% of owmen have precarious jobs (unpredicatble/uncontrollable), this is part time, on call, self employed etc…
• standard employment is declining
• gender equality for women is achieved from downward mobility of men in precarious jobs

Question 29

Shrinking role of unions

Answer 29

• unions improve job security and working conditions
• union members get higher pay
• union declined
• main problem is consumption-> ppl want a higher pay but fall into consumerism which contributes to degredation of work.