Ch5: socialization Flashcards

1
Q

socialization

A

the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society
it describe the way that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, beliefs, and values

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2
Q

self

A

a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction, doesn’t emerge naturally as a process driven by biological mechanisms

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3
Q

George Herbert Mead

A
  • founder of the school of symbolic interactionism in sociology
  • the self that he is concerned with is the ability to be reflexive or self-aware
  • self arise in social context through interaction
  • impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience
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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • father of psychology
  • influential modern scientist in developing the theory of the sense of self
  • believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
  • stated that failure to resolve traumatic tensions of a child’s psychosexual development results in predictable consequences in adulthood
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5
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • psychologist who creates a theory of personality development based on work of Freud
  • believed different cultures handle stages of child development differently
  • believed that the environment in which a child was living helped with their growth and adjustment as well as helping them to develop their self-awareness and identity
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6
Q

Charles Horton Cooley

A
  • coined the term “the looking glass self”, people’s self understanding is constructed by their perception of how others view them
  • sense of self is not based on internal source of individuality but a result of how we imagine we look to others then develop our personal sense of self
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7
Q

George Herbert Mead broke the self into what two components/phases

A

the “I” and “me”
“I” represents the part of self that acts on its own initiative or responds to the organized attitudes of others
“me” represents the part of self which one recognizes the “organized set of attitudes” of others toward the self (who we are in other’s eyes, our public personas)

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8
Q

role

A

the behaviour expected of a person who occupies particular social status or position in society

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9
Q

four stages of child socialization

A

preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, and generalized other stage

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10
Q

preparatory stage

A

children are only capable of imitation, copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact

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11
Q

play stage

A

children begin to imitate and take on roles that another person might have, role play is very fluid and transitory

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12
Q

game stage

A

children learn to consider several specific roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other

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13
Q

generalized other

A

children develop, understand, and learn the idea of the common behavioural expectations of general society

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14
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

important part of socialization process, refers to the way people learn what society considered to be good and bad, important for a smoothly functioning society

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15
Q

doing gender

A

performing tasks based upon the gender assigned by society, learned through interaction with others in much the same way the Mead and Cooley described for socialization in general

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16
Q

gender schema

A

rudimentary image of gender differences, enables them to make decisions about appropriate styles of play and behaviour, children integrate their sense of self into this developing schema and adopt consistent and stable gender roles

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17
Q

nurture

A

the relationships and caring that surround us

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18
Q

nature

A

our temperaments, interest, and talents are innate (from this perspective, who we are depends on nature)

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19
Q

sociology perspective on nature vs nurture debate

A

concern with the effect that society has on human behaviour, the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate

20
Q

agency

A

the ability to choose and act independently of external constraints

21
Q

structural functionalists’ approach to the problem of agency

A
  • socialization is essential to society, both because it trains members to operate successfully within it and because it perpetuates culture by transmitting it to new generations
  • individuals learn different social roles, which comes with relatively fixed norms and expectations (predictable interactions)
  • how individual lives and balances their roles is subject to variation
22
Q

critical sociologist’s approach to the problem of agency

A

argue that socialization reproduces inequality from generation to generation by conveying different expectations and norms to those with different social characteristics

23
Q

symbolic interactionist approach to the problem of agency

A
  • concerned with face-to-face exchanges and symbolic communication
24
Q

social groups

A

often provide the first experiences of socialization, people learn to use tangible objects of material culture in social context, as well as being introduced to beliefs and values

25
Q

family

A

first agent of socialization

26
Q

peer group

A
  • made up of people who are not necessarily friends but who are similar in age and social status and share interests
  • begin in early years of childhood
  • provide adolescents’ first major socialization experience outside of family
  • provide opportunities for socialization to be engaged in
  • families exert more influence than peers over educational choices, political, social, and religious attitudes
  • race, gender, intelligence, wealth are characteristics that divide people into status groups in adulthood
27
Q

formal institutions

A
  • schools, workplaces, and the government teach people how to behave in and navigate these systems
  • institutions like the media contribute to socialization by providing with messages about norms and expectations
28
Q

school

A
  • regularly reinforce what society expects from children with the teacher serving as role models and leaders
  • socialize children by teaching them about citizenship and nationalism
  • sociologists describe this aspect of school as hidden curriculum (the informal teaching done by schools)
29
Q

mass media

A

refers to the distribution of impersonal information to a wide audience via television, newspaper, radio, and the internet

30
Q

socialization in Canada

A

determined greatly by age norms and time-related rules and regulations

31
Q

adolescence

A

a period stretching from puberty to about 18 years old, characterized by the role adjustment from childhood to adulthood

32
Q

Jean Paiget’s description of adolescence

A

a decisive turning point, at which individuals reject or revise his estimate of everything that has been inculcated in him, acquires a personal point of view and personal place in life

33
Q

rite of passage

A

a ritual that marks a life cycle transition from a previous status to a new status

34
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

the preparation for future life roles

35
Q

liquid modernity

A

a society in which the conditions under which its members act change faster than it takes the ways of acting to consolidate into habits and routines

36
Q

confluent love

A

what Bauman refers to as a relationship that lasts only as long as, and not a moment longer than, the satisfaction it brings to both partners

37
Q

resocialization

A
  • old behaviours that were helpful in previous role are removed because they are no longer of use
  • typically more stressful than socialization because people have to unlearn behaviours
38
Q

total institution

A

the most common resocialization process when people are isolated from society and are forced to follow someone else’s rules

39
Q

degradation ceremony

A

new members lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities

40
Q

moral career

A

a standard sequence of changes in a person’s moral capacity to be answerable for their actions

41
Q

reflected appraisals

A

refers to the process by which individuals come to see themselves based on how they believe others perceive them

42
Q

third person effect

A

a phenomenon where individuals believe that media messages have a greater influence on other people than on themselves

43
Q

social comparisons

A

refers to the process through which individuals assess themselves by comparing their own abilities, opinions, or characteristics to those of others

44
Q

According to George Herbert Mead, the ability to recognize “the self” is the result of social processes that encourage individuals:

A

to be reflexive about their thoughts and feelings

45
Q

Mead proposed that individuals reach a state of development where they understand that they are expected to act in particular ways by groups or communities. Mead called these groups and communities the:

A

generalized other

46
Q

Why does entering a total institution require individuals to be re-socialized?

A

they are isolated groups with different norms and rules from mainstream society

47
Q

The Swedish school Egalia is notable for taking which of the following approaches to education?

A

gender-neutral (less gender stereotyping among students)