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SOCA03 > Ch2: sociological research > Flashcards

Ch2: sociological research Flashcards

1
Q

empirical evidence

A

evidence gathered from direct experience or observation, along with scientific method to deliver sociological research

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2
Q

scientific method

A

A systematic research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions.

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3
Q

steps in the scientific research process

A
  • ask a question / identify the problem
  • research existing sources
  • formulate a hypothesis
  • design and conduct a study
  • draw conclusions
  • report results
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4
Q

science

A

provides the basis for being able to distinguish between everyday opinions or beliefs and propositions that can be sustained by evidence

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5
Q

Robert Merton’s CUDOS principles

A

states that science is empirical knowledge organized around four principles: communalism, universalism, disinterestness, and organized skepticism

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6
Q

communalism

A

the results of science must be made available to the public, science is freely available, shared knowledge open to public discussion and debate

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7
Q

universalism

A

the result of science must be evaluated based on universal criteria, not parochial criteria specific to the researchers themselves

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8
Q

disinterestness

A

science must not be pursued for private interests or personal reward

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9
Q

organized skepticism

A

science must abandon prior intellectual commitments, critically evaluate claims, and postpone conclusions until sufficient evidence has been. presented

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10
Q

non-scientific knowledge

A

according to Merton, these are knowledge that fails in various respects to meet the CUDOS criteria

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11
Q

four types of non-scientific reasoning

A

knowledge based on casual observation, selective evidence, overgeneralization, authority or tradition

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12
Q

knowledge based on casual observation

A

making observations without systematic process for observation or accessing the accuracy of what is being observed

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13
Q

knowledge based on selective evidence

A

when we see only patterns that we want to see

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14
Q

knowledge based on overgeneralization

A

when we assume the broad patterns exist based on limited observations

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15
Q

knowledge based on authority or tradition

A

a socially defined source of knowledge that might shape beliefs about what is or is not true

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16
Q

scientific research methods

A

organizations and logical way of learning and knowing about our social world

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17
Q

reliability

A

how likely results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced

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18
Q

validity

A

how well the study measures what it was designed to measure

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19
Q

asking a question phase

A
  • narrow enough to study within a geography and time frame
  • broad enough to have universal merit
  • variables need to be operationalized
  • concept is translated into operational variable
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20
Q

operational definition

A

define the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure the variables

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21
Q

operational variable

A

a measure that has different values

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22
Q

Karl Popper (difference between scientific and non-scientific propositions)

A

“falsifiability”, the key difference between scientific and non-scientific propositions was whether or not they were state in a way as to be falsifiable

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23
Q

to be falsifiable means

A

whether a possible empirical observation could prove them wrong

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24
Q

researching existing sources phase

A
  • background research through a literature review
  • sharpens the focus and gain a broad understanding of work previous conducted on the topic
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25
Q

literature review

A

a review of any existing similar or related studies

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26
Q

hypothesis

A

an assumption about how variables are related, an educated guess based on theory, observations, patterns of existence, or existing literature

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27
Q

hypothetico-deductive methodologies

A

positivist methodologies that predicts how one form of human behaviour influences another, hypothesis derived from a theoretical proposition

28
Q

interpretive approach

A

seeks to understand social worlds from the point of view of participants (qualitative)

29
Q

inductive approach

A

hypothesis emerges only after a substantial period of direct observation or interaction with subjects

30
Q

Glaser and Strauss’ grounded theory

A

proposed qualitative data need to go through stages of coding the data before a strong theory of social phenomenon can emerge

31
Q

survey

A
  • most widely used sociological research methods
  • great for discovering how people feel and think but fails to capture the ways people really behave in social context
  • small sample sizes will not represent the actual distribution of the population (accuracy and validity)
32
Q

interview

A

one-on-one conversation with the subject, gains the subject’s trust by empathizing with them and listening with no judgements

33
Q

experiment

A

investigate relationships to test a hypothesis

34
Q

lab-based experiment

A

controlled so more data can be recorded in a certain amount of time (control and experimental group)

35
Q

natural/field experiment

A

generation of data cannot be controlled, more accurate

36
Q

field research

A

gathering primary data from a subject’s natural environment

37
Q

participant observation

A

researchers join in the experiment to gain more access or information from the observed group

38
Q

ethnography

A

extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting, focus on how subjects view their own social standing and how they relate to a community (involves participant observation)

39
Q

case study

A

in-depth analysis of a single phenomena

40
Q

secondary data

A

drawn from the already-completed work of other researchers

41
Q

content analysis

A

quantitative approach to textual research that selects an item of textual context that can be reliable and consistently observed and coded, and surveys the prevalence of that item in a smaple

42
Q

nonreactive research

A

does not include direct contact with subjects and will not influence people’s behaviours

43
Q

contingency table

A

provides a frequency distribution of at least two variable that allows the research to see at a glance how the variable are related

44
Q

code of ethics

A

formal guidelines for conducting sociological research

45
Q

Tri-Council Policy Statement on ethical conduct for research involving humans

A
  • the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
  • the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
  • the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
46
Q

value neutrality

A

a practice of remaining impartial without bias or judgement

47
Q

difference between positivist and interpretive sociology when pursing knowledge

A

positivist: pursue knowledge that are useful for controlling and administering social life
interpretive: pursue knowledge that promote greater mutual understanding and the possibility of consensus among members of society

48
Q

authoritative knowledge

A

knowledge based on the accepted authority of the source

49
Q

casual observation

A

knowledge based on observations without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of observations

50
Q

interpretive approach

A

a sociological research approach that seek in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction

51
Q

positivist approach

A

a research approach based on the natural science model of knowledge utilizing a hypothetico-deductive formulation of the research questions and quantitative data

52
Q

Hawthrone effect

A

when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed

53
Q

institutional ethnography

A

the study of the way everyday life is coordinated through institutional, textually mediated practices

54
Q

intervening variable

A

an underlying variable that explains the correlation between two other variables (confounding variable)

55
Q

random sample

A

a study’s participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population

56
Q

secondary data analysis

A

using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

57
Q

textually mediated communication

A

institutional forms of communication that rely on written documents, texts, and paperwork

58
Q

core principles of conduction research

A
  • respect for persons (consent)
  • concern for welfare
  • justice
59
Q

group vulnerability

A

any pre-existing vulnerabilities with proposed participant groups
- psychological or health conditions
- cognitive or emotional factors
- socio-economic status
- legal status

60
Q

research risk (risk matrix)

A

the probability and magnitude of harm a participant may experience by taking part

61
Q

the research ethics board (REB)

A

approves, rejects, proposes modifications to, or terminates any proposed or ongoing research involving humans

62
Q

Tuskegee experiment

A

Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee was conducted between 1932 and 1972 to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis. As part of the study, researchers did not collect informed consent from participants and they did not offer treatment, even after it was widely available.

63
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

psychological study conducted in 1971, led by Dr. Philip Zimbardo. It simulated a prison environment with participants assigned as guards and prisoners.
- highlighted the powerful influence of situational factors on human behaviour and raised ethical concerns regarding the treatment of participants

64
Q

Milgram experiment

A

conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1961, explored obedience to authority
- electric shocking a confederate

65
Q

Wodtke’s research on the relationship between intelligence and racist attitudes showed that

A

Whites with higher intelligence were no more likely to support policies to alleviate racial inequality than those with lower intelligence were

66
Q

Which of the following was Wodtke’s operational definition of “intelligence” in his study on the relationship of intelligence to racist attitudes?

A

Score on a verbal ability test

SOCA03 (11 decks)

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