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SOCA03 > Ch3: cultures > Flashcards

Ch3: cultures Flashcards

1
Q

culture

A

the beliefs and behaviours that a social group shares, lays down set of rules to constrain but also produce innovative solutions that go beyond constraints

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2
Q

society

A

a group that interacts within a common bounded territory or region

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3
Q

differences between culture and society

A

culture represents the beliefs, practices, and material artifacts
society represents the social structures, processes, and organization of the people who share those beliefs, practices, and material artifacts (they co-exist)

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4
Q

ethnosphere

A

the entirety of all cultures’ way of thinking, being, and orienting oneself on the Earth, it is our collective cultural heritage as a species

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5
Q

in what way is culture innovative

A
  • different solutions to real life problems
  • existence of different cultures refers to the means by which humans use innovation to free themselves from biological and environmental constraints
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6
Q

in what way is culture restraining

A
  • local cultural forms restrain the changes produced by globalization
  • globalization increasingly restrains cultural forms, practices, and possibilities
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7
Q

biological determinism

A

the forms of human society and behaviour are determined by biological mechanisms like genetics, instinctual behaviours, or evolutionary advantages

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8
Q

sociobiology

A

provides biological explanations for the evolution of human behaviour and social organization

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9
Q

three sociobiology steps

A
  • identify an universal aspect of human behaviour
  • assume that this universal trait must be coded in the DNA of the species
  • argue why this behaviour or characteristic increases the chances of survival
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10
Q

cons of sociobiology

A

it is limited with respect to what it can explain about complex cultural behaviours and practices

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11
Q

eugenics

A

meaning “well born” in ancient Greek, a social movement that sought to improve the human “stock” through selective breeding and sterilization

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12
Q

Francis Galton’s definition of eugenics

A

1883, as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations, either physically or mentally

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13
Q

geneticism

A

suggests that the qualities of human life are cause by genes

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14
Q

cultural universals

A

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

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15
Q

George Murdock’s discovery of cultural universals

A

first recognized the existence of cultural universals while studying systems of kinship around the world

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16
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one’s own cultural norms (bias)

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17
Q

cultural imperialism

A

the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

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18
Q

culture shock

A

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

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19
Q

culture lag

A

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

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20
Q

cultural relativism

A

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture (need to be open-minded)

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21
Q

androcentricism

A

a perspective in which male concerns, attitudes, and practices are presented as normal or define what is significant and valued in a culture while women’s experiences are ignored or marginalized

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22
Q

multiculturalism

A

refers to both the fact of existence of a diversity of cultures within one territory and a way of conceptualizing and managing cultural diversity
- promote and recognize cultural differences while addressing the inevitability of cultural tensions

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23
Q

interculturalism

A

Quebec-based concept of multiculturalism, to recognize and respect the diversity of immigrants who seek to integrate into Quebec society

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24
Q

critics of multiculturalism

A
  • only superficially accepts equality of all cultures while limiting actual equality, participant, and cultural expression
  • obliges minority individuals to assume the limited cultural identities of their ethnic group, leads to stereotyping minority groups
  • causes fragmentation and disunity
  • based on recognizing group rights which undermines constitutional protections of individual rights
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25
Q

values

A

culture’s standard for discerning desirable states in society
help shape what is deem to be good/bad, beautiful/ugly

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26
Q

ideal culture

A

the standards society would like to embrace and live up to

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27
Q

real culture

A

the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists

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28
Q

beliefs

A

the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

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29
Q

sanctions

A

a form of social control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

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30
Q

norms

A

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured (accepted ways of doing things)

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31
Q

formal norms

A

established, written rules, behaviours worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve most people (laws, employee manuals, exam requirements)

32
Q

informal norms

A

casual behaviours that are generally and widely conformed to (learned by observation, imitation, and socialization)

33
Q

folksways

A

norms without any moral underpinnings, based on social preferences, it directs appropriate behaviour in the daily practices and expressions of a culture

34
Q

mores

A

norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group, based on social requirements (serious consequences if violated)
- protected with laws and other formal norms
- guarded by public sentiment (informal norms)

35
Q

taboos

A

actions which are strongly forbidden by deeply held sacred or moral beliefs, severe punishment if violated

36
Q

symbols

A

tangible marks that stand in for or represent something else, provide clues to understanding the underlying experiences, states, and ideas

37
Q

detournement

A

the conscious subversion of messages, signs, and symbols by altering them slightly

38
Q

language

A

a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted

39
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A
  • if a person cannot describe the experience, the person cannot have the experience
  • suggests that the language we speak can influence the way we think and perceive the world around us
40
Q

linguistic relativity

A

suggests that language influences our thoughts and perceptions but may not completely determine them. Different languages might predispose their speakers to focus on certain aspects of reality or think about things in particular ways

41
Q

cultural solutions consists of what two components

A

thoughts or perceptual orientations and tangible things

42
Q

material culture

A

refers to the artifacts, technologies, and products of a group

43
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

consists of the knowledge and beliefs, forms of communication, and norms of behaviour of a society

44
Q

innovations

A

new objects, ideas, or ways of being introduced to culture for the first time

45
Q

high culture

A
  • used to describe a form of cultural experience characterized by formal complexity, eternal values, or intrinsic authenticity
  • associated with intellectualism, elitism, wealth, and prestige
  • a means of maintaining status and power distinctions
46
Q

cultural capital

A

the knowledge, skills, tastes, mannerisms, speaking style, posture, material possessions, credentials that a person acquires from their family background

47
Q

popular culture

A
  • refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society
  • expressed and spread via media
  • known and accessible to most people
48
Q

postmodern culture

A
  • the form of culture that came after modern culture, becomes more common to find various sorts of mash-ups of high and low
  • contemporary popular culture
  • culture of quotations, as it recycles and remixes elements of previous culture
49
Q

subculture

A

a smaller cultural group within a larger culture that operate smoothly within the society

50
Q

countercultures

A

a type of subculture that explicitly reject the larger culture’s norms and values, actively defying larger norms by developing their own sets of norms and beliefs

51
Q

cults

A

usually informal, transient religious groups that deviate from orthodox beliefs and often involve an intense emotional commitment to the group

52
Q

globalization

A

the integration of market

53
Q

disffusion

A

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture

54
Q

the emergence unregulated market

A

1970, government began to deregulate social services while granting greater liberties to private business, market became dominated by unregulated, international flows of capital investment

55
Q

diasporas

A

the dispersions of a people from their original homeland

56
Q

hybridity

A

refers to new forms of culture that arise from cross-cultural exchange, especially in the aftermath of the colonial era

57
Q

rationalization

A

the general tendency of modern institutions and most areas of life to be transformed by the application of instrumental reason

58
Q

iron cage metaphor

A

Max Weber’s metaphor for the modern condition of life circumscribed by the demand for maximum efficiency

59
Q

commodity

A

an object, serve or good that has been produced for sale on the market

60
Q

commodification

A

the process through which objects, services, or goods are turned into commodities, becoming more defined in terms of their marketability rather than their intrinsic characteristics

61
Q

commodity fetishism

A

regarding commodities as objects with inherent qualities independent of the labour that produced them or the needs they were design to satisfy

62
Q

consumerism

A

refers to the way in which we define ourselves in terms of commodities we purchase

63
Q

functionalist approach to culture

A
  • view society as a system in which all parts function together to create society as whole
64
Q

latent pattern maintenance

A

cultural practices that reproduce and circulate symbolic meanings and codes serve the function of maintaining social patterns of behaviour and facilitating orderly pattern change

65
Q

pre-rational collective consciousness

A

provides the basis for group solidarity or moral sense of group togetheredness

66
Q

symbolic interactionist approach to culture

A
  • concerned with face-to-face interactions between members of society
  • see culture as being created and maintained by the ways people interact and interpret actions
  • culture is perceived as highly fluid and dynamic
67
Q

critical sociological approach to culture

A
  • view social structure as inherently unequal and based on power differentials related to issues like class, gender, race, and age
  • culture is not views as a unified tradition that is experienced the same way
  • examine how inequalities and power are maintained by a culture’s value system
68
Q

breaching experiment

A

in ethnomethodology, deliberately disruption social norms in order to learn about them

69
Q

socioeconomic formation

A

the concrete set of social structures that form around a specific mode of production or economic system

70
Q

human capital

A

education, knowledge, and skills

71
Q

social capital

A

people that you know

72
Q

Bourdieu’s work

A

1960 in France, cultural capital = high culture, if you have access to cultural capital that will translate to economic capital and high states eventually

73
Q

cultural appropriation

A

the act of taking or using things from a culture that is not your own especially without showing understanding or respect

74
Q

Mores, folkways, and taboos are all classifications of different ways that particular behaviours are viewed and sanctioned in different cultures. The key difference between folkways and the other two concepts is that folkways:

A

do not involve moral judgements

75
Q

When a child learns the etiquette involved with meeting and introducing himself to a new person, he is earning:

A

cultural capital

SOCA03 (11 decks)

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