Ch.5 Social Groups + Formal Organizations

Question 1

red-tape

Answer 1

excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules or formalities

Question 2

What are dysfunctions of bureaucracies?

Answer 2

• red tape
• lack of communication between units
• bureaucratic alienation
• resisting alienation
• bureaucratic incompetence

Question 3

Peter principle

Answer 3

hard workers go higher up in the hierarchy until they cant confidently do their job anymore

Question 4

Self-fulfilling stereotypes

Answer 4

everyone that becomes higher up must be similar to current person in power

Question 5

Small groups

Answer 5

each member interacts with another

Question 6

Dyad

Answer 6

two people

Question 7

Triad

Answer 7

three people

Question 8

What happens as groups become larger?

Answer 8

they have more stability and less intimacy

Question 9

How does group size affect attitudes and behaviors?

Answer 9

• increase in size increases formality

- also diffuses responsibility

Question 10

What are the types of leadership?

Answer 10

• instrumental

- expressive

Question 11

Instrumental

Answer 11

the person that keeps people on task

Question 12

Expressive

Answer 12

keeps group emotionally and socially cohesive

Question 13

What are the leadership styles?

Answer 13

• authoritarian
• democratic
• Laissez-Faire

Question 14

Authoritarian

Answer 14

make orders and expect compliance

Question 15

Democratic

Answer 15

gives options to develop consensus from the group

Question 16

Laissez-Faire

Answer 16

unstructured when it comes to guidance of the group

Question 17

Asch Experiment

Answer 17

• proved that people succumb to peer pressure

- people told to match two lines on cards while other people were saying the wrong answer

Question 18

Milgram experiment

Answer 18

• proves people follow orders from authority figures

- subjects were giving “learners” severe shocks because they were told to

Question 19

Aggregate

Answer 19

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

Question 20

Category

Answer 20

people, objects, and events tat have similar characteristics and are classified together

Question 21

Primary group

Answer 21

a small group characterized by cooperative, intimate, long term, face to face relationships

Question 22

Secondary group

Answer 22

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

Question 23

Voluntary associations

Answer 23

groups made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest

Question 24

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 24

the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by small, self-perpetuating elite

Question 25

In-group

Answer 25

a group toward which one feels loyalty

Question 26

Out-group

Answer 26

a group towards which one feels antagonism

Question 27

Reference group

Answer 27

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

Question 28

Social network

Answer 28

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Question 29

Clique

Answer 29

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

Question 30

Bureaucracy

Answer 30

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor

Question 31

Goal displacement

Answer 31

an organization replacing old goals with new ones

Question 32

Mcdonaldization of society

Answer 32

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them

Question 33

Alienation

Answer 33

Marx's term for workers lack of connection to the product of their labor

Question 34

Hidden corporate culture

Answer 34

stereotypes of the traits that make for high-performing and under-performing workers which end up producing both types of workers

Question 35

Coalition

Answer 35

the alignment of some members of a group against others

Question 36

Groupthink

Answer 36

a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty

Question 37

What do all bureaucracies have?

Answer 37

- separate levels with assignments flowing downward while accountability flows upwards - a division of labor - written rules - written communications and records - impersonality and replaceability