Ch.5: Carbohydrates Flashcards
starch
complex carb made of multiple glucose units
amylase
an enyzme that converts starch and glyogen into simple sugars
amylopectin
a soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose
fiber
complex carb in plants made of multiple glucose, can’t be digested
oligosaccahride
carb containing 3 to 10 single sugar units
functional fiber
fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefits
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of new glucose by metabolic pathways in the cell.
Ketosis
condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in the bloodstream and tissues
Hypoglycemia
low blood glucose, below 50mg/100ml of blood
sugar alcohols
sweetening agent
3 most common monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
what makes sucrose
glucose and fructose
what makes lactose
glucose and galaztose
what makes maltose
glucose and glucose
Starch v Fiber
CHO stored thats digestible vs indegestible
Where are the major storage sits for glycogen
liver and muscles
Pepsin
Digests proteins in the stomach
Produced by chief cells in the stomach
Amylase
Digests starch in the mouth and small intestine
Produced by the salivary glands and pancreas
Sucrase
Digests sucrose into glucose and fructose in the Small Intestine
Produced in the Pancreas
Maltase
Digests maltose into glucose in the Small Intestine
Produced in the pancreas
Lactase
Digests lactose into glucose and galactose in the Small Intestine
Produced in the pancreas
Insoluble Fiber
Decr chance of colon cancer
Incr stool bulk
Found in: skins of f&v, legumes, whole grains, bran
Soluble Fiber
Decr risk of heart disease
Decr cholesterol absorption
Found in: fruits, bran, legumes, seaweed
RDA for Carbs
130g/day
DV for fiber
25g for 2000 cal diet
Protein Sparing
When dietary carb intake is adequate to maintain blood glucose levels
Glucagon
released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose
insulin
released in response to eating a meal to ove glucose into the cell
Epinephrine
Released in response to stress
Incr glucose in the blood
Type 1 Diabetes
10%
Juvenile onset
Pancreas fails to produce insulin
Checks blood glucose several times a day
Type 2 Diabetes
90% Adult onset Pancreas makes insulin Cells are insulin-resistant Need more insulin Oral agent can stimulate pancreas production
