Ch.5 Caiou Dowds

Question 1

Abolitionist

Answer 1

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 2

Affirmative action

Answer 2

the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.

Question 3

Americans with disabilities act

Answer 3

a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.

Question 4

Brown v. board of education

Answer 4

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.

Question 6

civil rights

Answer 6

a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one’s entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.

Question 7

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 7

a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Question 8

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 8

Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans, “to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights”, giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.

Question 9

Civil rights act of 1964

Answer 9

a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

Question 10

Dolores Huerta

Answer 10

an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farm-workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.

Question 11

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Answer 11

the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories.

Question 12

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 12

an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe

Question 13

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 13

an American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States.

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.

Question 15

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 15

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”

Question 16

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 16

a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Gender pay gap). It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

Question 17

Equal protection clause

Answer 17

Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. … This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.

Question 18

equal rights amendment

Answer 18

a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one’s sex

Question 19

15th amendment

Answer 19

prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen’s “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”.

Question 20

14th amendment

Answer 20

granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.

Question 21

Frederick Douglass

Answer 21

an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings

Question 22

Grandfather Clause

Answer 22

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

Question 23

Harriet Tubman

Answer 23

an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad

Question 24

Harry S Truman

Answer 24

the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Question 25

Intermediate Standard Of review

Answer 25

a term of Constitutional law which refers to a test used in some contexts to determine the constitutionality of a law. The challenged law must advance an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest in order to pass intermediate scrutiny.

Question 26

Jim crow laws

Answer 26

state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 27

John F. Kennedy

Answer 27

an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

Question 28

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Answer 28

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 29

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 29

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 30

League of united Latin American Citizens

Answer 30

the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.

Question 31

LGBT community

Answer 31

a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements.

Question 32

Lucretia Mott

Answer 32

a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840

Question 33

Martin Luther KIng jr.

Answer 33

an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Question 34

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Answer 34

a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.

Question 35

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Answer 35

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States.

Question 36

National Association for the Advancement of colored people

Answer 36

civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey

Question 37

NAACP Legal Defense and educational fund

Answer 37

Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 38

National Organization for women

Answer 38

an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C

Question 39

National woman´s party

Answer 39

an outgrowth of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which had been formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women’s suffrage.

Question 40

19th amendment

Answer 40

prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.

Question 41

obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 41

a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Question 42

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 42

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 43

poll tax

Answer 43

a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.

Question 44

Progressive era (1890-1920)

Answer 44

a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption

Question 45

Rational basis standard of review

Answer 45

the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 46

Rosa parks

Answer 46

an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”

Question 47

Seneca falls convention

Answer 47

the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848

Question 48

Separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 48

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 49

Standards of review

Answer 49

the amount of deference given by one court in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. A low standard of review means that the decision under review will be varied or overturned if the reviewing court considers there is any error at all in the lower court’s decision

Question 50

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 50

a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.

Question 51

suffrage movement

Answer 51

The suffrage movement means right to vote. This movement belongs to the women and the poor people who have to fight for the participation in government. During the World War-1, the struggle for the right to vote got strengthened. This struggle comes to be known as suffrage movement.

Question 52

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 52

an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17.

Question 53

Suspect classifications

Answer 53

a characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard. A classification is called suspect because it is likely to be based on illegal discrimination. The clearest example of a suspect classification is race.

Question 54

13th amendment

Answer 54

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Question 55

title IX

Answer 55

a federal law that states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

Question 56

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 56

an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice

Question 57

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 57

a landmark civil rights case[1][2][3] in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.