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Ch.43DzesoftheReproTract.PT2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent viral cause of equine pregnancy loss?

A

equine herpesvirus 1 (EVH-1)

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2
Q

What is the primary route of transmission of EHV-1?

A

via respiratory tract

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3
Q

Once EHV-1 invades the respiratory epithelium, what is the next step in pathogenesis?

A

-establishes a leukocyte associated viremia

–>establishesa chronic, possibly life long latent infection

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4
Q

During the initial infection with EHV-1, placental endothelial cells are infected by the virus and transiently present targets to the immune system.

What major part of the immune system is inactivated by EHV-a?

A

inactivates MHC-1 (major histocompatibility complex-1)– which allows EHV-1 to evade the immune system b/c it stops the ability of cells to present viral particles

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5
Q

In pregnant mares, what is the pathophysiology of reproductive loss/abortion caused by EHV-1?

A

-after resp infection
-viremia
-infects fetus via transplacental migration of virus bearing leukocytes
-abortion occurs d/t rapid separation of the placenta, causing suffocation of the fetus

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6
Q

What is the time period between infection with EHV-1 and abortion?

A

Variable: between less than 2 weeks and several months

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7
Q

As with all herpesviruses, EHV-1 establishes a latent infection that makes recrudensce after what?

A

-after stressful events, such as:
-weaning
-translocation
-introduction of a new animal
-other illnesses

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8
Q

What material is highly contagious from an EHV-1 abortion?

A

aborted, infected fetal materials are highly contagious

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9
Q

What is the primary lesion of EHV-1?

A

necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis resulting from lytic infection of the capillary endothelium

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10
Q

Stage of pregnancy at which abortion occurs with EHV-1

A

variable: vasculitis is most pronounced from fifth to ninth months of gestation
**95% of abortions occur in the last trimester of pregnancy

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11
Q

What are gross lesions seen on the fetus aborted d/t EHV-1 infection?

A

-minimal signs of autolysis
-inc fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-congestion and edema fo the lungs
-hepatomegaly with multifocal, small (~1mm), yellow to white necrotic foci
-subcutaneous edema
-icterus

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12
Q

Histologically, what lesions are seen on the fetus aborted due to EHV-1?

A

-areas of necrosis in lymphoid tissue, liver, adrenal cortex and the lung
**large intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies0hyperplastic necrotizing bronchiolitis

-Other poss lesions: mild multifocal, necrotizing lesions int eh liver and adrenal cortex
-hyperplastic, necrotizing bronchiolitis

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13
Q

What tissues should be submitted for testing from an aborted fetus, that is to be suspected to aborted d/t EHV-1?

A

-placenta
-lung
-liver
-spleen
-thymus

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14
Q

When should vaccination to pregnant mares be administered, targeting protection against EHV-1?

A

5, 7 and 9 months of gestation

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15
Q

If an abortion is caused by EHV-1, what preventative measures should be taken?

A

-fetal membranes transported away from area w/o contaminating the surrounding environment
-the stall which the mare aborted should be disinfected with a phenolic or iodinophilic compound
-prevent bedding from contaminating other areas on farm

**all pregnant mares on infected farm should remain until foaled
-no horse should leave the farm until 3 to 4 weeks after last abortion

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16
Q

Causative agent of equine viral arteritis?

A

equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)

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17
Q

What is the primary target of equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

vascular endothelial cells and macrophages

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18
Q

Shortly after infection with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV), where can it be found within the horse?

A

-infects macros and later lymph nodes
-then infects circulating monos
**systemic distribution in 3 days after primary infection–> carrier state
-w/in 1 week EAV infects BV endothelium

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19
Q

abortion caused by equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) is likely due to?

A

myometritis and vasculitis–> fetal anoxia/placental hypoxia

(secondary to compression of myometrial vessels by edema and decreased progesterone production by the placenta

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20
Q

equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) C/S

A

+/- absent or highly variable
-pyrexia
-depression
-anorexia
-leukopenia
-limb edema
-stiffness of gait
-rhinorrhea and epiphora
-conjunctivitis
-rhinitis
-urticarial rash
-localized or diffuse edema
-abortion

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21
Q

After infection with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV), when does abortion typically occur?

A

3 to 10 months of gestation, follows onset of C/S several days up to 2 months

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22
Q

is infection with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) fatal?

A

-rarely fatal in adults
-typically fatal to neonates d/t interstitial pneumonia & secondary bacterial infections

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23
Q

What clinical pathological lesions are seen with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

**variable and inconsistent & nonspecific
-hypoxia, hypercapnia
-respiratory or metabolic acidosis
-lymphocytosis or lymphopenia
-neutrophilia or neutropenia
-thrombocytopenia
-hyperfibrinogenemia

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24
Q

What are the most common gross lesions seen with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

edema
congesetion
hemorrhage of the subcu and lymphoid tissues and viscera

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25
Q

equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) histologic lesions are seen where?

A

vasculature
lymphoid tissues
lungs
intestines
adrenal glands
kidneys
skin

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26
Q

are fetal lesions seen with equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

No

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27
Q

What can be long term carriers of equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

stallions

**can be transmitted in semen

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28
Q

Diagnosis of equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)

A

comb of virus isolation, viral nucleic acid (RT-PCR) or antigen detection and serology (virus microneutralization)

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29
Q

equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) transmission

A

venereally- from PI stallions to mares

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30
Q

Carrier stallions for equine viral arteritis virus (EAV) can be bred, but to which mares?

A

immune mares

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31
Q

When can mares be vaccinated against equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

-safe up to 3 months prior to foaling

**vaccination of pregnant mares in the final 2 months of gestation assoc with inc risk of abortion

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32
Q

What vaccines exist for protection against equine viral arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

modified live virus
killed virus vaccine

**regulation exists especially for stallions

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33
Q

What serovars of leptospira have been shown to cause abortion in mares?

A

Leptospira pomona (most common in mares)
-grypotyphosa
-hardjo
-bratislava
-icterohemorrhagiae

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34
Q

What is important in the dissemination of Leptospira from wildlife to horses?

A

wet environmental conditions–> shed spirochete in urine, which contaminates groundwater and seves as a source for further infections

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35
Q

What are C/s of Leptospirosis in horses?

A

pyrexia
hemoglobinuria
jaundic
abortion

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36
Q

Is serology helpful in the diagnosis of Leptospira abortions?

A

No– most horses are seropositive but are subclinical
**serologic antibody conversion lats fr years

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37
Q

What is the best diagnosis for leptospira induced abortions in mares?

A

flourescent antibody (FA) tests or warthin-Starry (WS) silver stsian of the allantochorion and umbilical cord

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38
Q

How long can horses shed leptospira in urine?

A

for up to 90 days, affected animals hsoul dbe isoalted and treated wiht antbiotics

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39
Q

Is there a leptospira vaccine available for horses?

A

Yes- for L. pomona

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40
Q

What is a protozoal cause of abortion?

A

Neorickettsia risticii (Potomac horse fever)

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41
Q

After infection with Neorickettsia risticii (Potomac horse fever), when is the abortion typically seeen?

A

2 to 3 months after C/S of ehrlichiosis

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42
Q

What are fetal histo lesions seen with abortions d/t Neorickettsia risticii (Potomac horse fever)?

A

-enterocolitis
-periportal hepatitis
myocarditis
lymphoid hyperplasia with necrosis of the myenteric lymph nodes and spleen
**recover of protozoan from fetal bone marrow, spleen, LN , colon or liver

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43
Q

In mare reproductive loss syndrome, abortion is associated with ingestion of what?

A

eastern tent caterpillar (malacosoma americanum)

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44
Q

With mare reproductive loss syndrome and eastern tent caterpillar, where is the toxin located?

A

related to the larval exoskeleton
**ingestion of

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45
Q

mare reproductive loss syndrome: prior to abortion, what can be seen on ultrasound?

A

-hyperechoic amniotic and allantoic fluids
-dead or dying fetus (heart rate <75 bpm)

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46
Q

mare reproductive loss syndrome: what characteristic histologic lesions are observed where?

A

in the placenta and umbilic cord (funisitis)

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47
Q

mare reproductive loss syndrome: pathophysiology of abortion

A

larval hairs (cetae) are hypothesized to migrate through the gastrointestinal system and translocate commensal organisms from oral cavity and intestines to other sites

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48
Q

mare reproductive loss syndrome: streatment

A

not possible– usu c/s are absent prior ot fetal death

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49
Q

mare reproductive loss syndrome: preventative measures

A

-applying insecticides
-physically removing caterpillar nests from trees
-removing black cherry trees
-muzzling mares in pasture
-supplementing hay feeding in pastures to minimize grazing

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50
Q

What spp of salmonella was associated with abortion in mares in the early 1900s?

A

Salmonella abortus equi

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51
Q

What is the causative agent of Dourine?

A

Trypansoma equiperdum (protozoan)

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52
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Dourine/ Tryapnosomiasis?

A

venerally transmitted genital tract infection tha tmay be followed by fatal systemic dissemination in horses (may cause abortion)

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53
Q

Dourine/ Tryapnosomiasis: epidemiology, where is the disease seen?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

**eradicated from N. america

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54
Q

Dourine/ Tryapnosomiasis control strategies

A

require ID and tx or euthanasia of infected animls

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55
Q

What is the cause of endotoxemia related abortions?

A

-release of vasoactive metabolites including PGF2alpha
-shown to cause luteolysis and abortion

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56
Q

Ruminants: in large commericial operations, a low percentage of intermittently occurring abortions is considered acceptable, what is the acceptable percentage?

A

beef: 2 to 3%
dairy: 10%

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57
Q

When investigating bovine abortions, what commonalities are important to determine?

A

-stage of pregnancy affected
-sire used
-heifers vs cows affected
-dates of new arrival to herd
-season of year
-vaccination protocols
-presence of dogs
-management practices among different groups

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58
Q

What are noninfectious causes of abortion in ruminants?

A

-heat stress
-other stress
-nitrate toxicity
-malnutrition (rare)
-pine needle toxicity
-drug induced (corticosteroids)
-physical

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59
Q

Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection manifests as

A

upper respiratory disease
abortion

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60
Q

In naive cows exposed to BHV-1, what is the pathophysiology in abortion?

A

-virus carried in leukocytes
-localized in placenta tissues
-fetuses exposed to virus die w/in 24 hours of placental infiltration

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61
Q

What stage of pregnancy is most susceptible to BHV-1 infection?

A

5 to 6 months

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62
Q

BHV-1 abortion, fetal lesions:

A

-renal hemorrhagic edema
-acute general necrosis in liver, spleen, kidneys lungs and adrenal glands
-widespread hemorrhage
-petechia
-epithelial destruciton
-hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies
+/- thickened amnion

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63
Q

Diagnosis of BHV-1 caused abortion

A

-virus isolation from placenta
-ID of intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetal tissues
-immunohistochem
-serum neutrlization testing

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64
Q

Is serum testing useful in diagnosis of BHV-1 caused abortions?

A

No– as the dam may have been infected moths before the abortion& titer after abortion may be decreasing

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65
Q

BHV-1 abortion prevention

A

vaccination: vaccinate heifers at 6 months, booster in 3 to 4 weeks before breeding
–> vaccination too close to breeding can lower conception rate d/t normal transient inflamm of repro tract

MLV vaccine (intranasal) available at 3rd to 8th month of gestation– safety questionable

killed vaccine: pregnant cow use

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66
Q

Bovine viral diarrhea virus is what kind of virus?

A

pestivirus

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67
Q

What can BVDV cause reproductively?

A

early embryonic death
fetal anomalies
abortion

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68
Q

Pathogenecity of BVDV depends on

A

-gestational time of infection
-the viral strain
-viral biotype (cytopathic or noncytopathic)
-fetal immunocompentence

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69
Q

What is a common history with BVDV reproductively?

A

history of repeat breeding and recent episode of febrile dz in herd before onset of abortions

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70
Q

BVDV: when does fetal loss generally occur?

A

10 to 27 days after exposure, with expulsion of fetus up tto 50 days later
fetus is often autolyzed (may be mummified or fresh

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71
Q

BVDV: what fetal abnormalities are seen?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia
cerebral malformations (hydraencephaly, porencephaly, microencephaly)
cataracts
brachygnathia
arthrogyroposis
alopecia
thymic hypoplasia
intrauterine growth restriction

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72
Q

Microscopic lesions of BVDV

A

mild nonsuppurative placentitis
+/- nonsuppurative vasculitis in the placenta, liver or lymph nodes

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73
Q

Viral antigen for detecting BVDV in aborted fetuses can be performed on what tissues?

A

**seldom virus isolation from fetal tissue is successful
-FA test on kidney, lung, or LN
-fetal thoracic fluid on virus neturalization and enzyme linked immunosrobent assay

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74
Q

Depending on time of exposure to BVDV: what occurs in seronegative cows with exposure at time of breeding?

A

BVDV prevents conception

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75
Q

Depending on time of exposure to BVDV: what occurs when exposed in the first 4 months of gestation?

A

usu causes fetal death and abortion

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76
Q

Depending on time of exposure to BVDV: what occurs when exposed to noncytopathic within 18 to 125 days of gestation to the fetus?

A

remains persistently infected (PI)
**typically seronegative at birth
**shed BVDV continuously

–> may develop mucosal disease later in lifeform superinfection with cytopathic BVDV

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77
Q

Depending on time of exposure to BVDV: what occurs when exposed at 100 to 150 days of gestation?

A

Congenitally infected: risk of development of dysplastic lesions:
-teratologic defects in brain, skin and bronchioles

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78
Q

Depending on time of exposure to BVDV: fetuses infected after 150 days have what effects?

A

**Usually recover without dysplastic lesions

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79
Q

Control measures against BVDV

A

-killed and MLV vaccinates- avail (not fully controlled with vx)
-elimination of PI animals
-prevention of PI animals being introduced into herd

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80
Q

What is the major lepto serovar associated with abortions in cattle?

A

Leptospira hardjo

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81
Q

IN cattle, infection with leptospira hardjo is associated with what reproductive effects?

A

infertility
early embryonic death
abortions from 4 months of gestation to term
birth of weak calves

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82
Q

L interrogans serovar pomona infection in cattle causes abortion in what time period of gestation?

A

last 3 months of gestation, abortion rate as high as 50%

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83
Q

What are clinical signs of leptospirosis in cattle

A

icterus
hemoglobinuria
anemia
fever
mastitis: flaccid udder adn thick ropy secretions form all 4 quarters
**cows usually abort without clinical illness

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84
Q

What is grossly seen with leptospira related abortions?

A

aborted fetus: autolyzed, icteric and edematous

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85
Q

What is seen histologically on the aborted fetus that is seen with leptospira abortions?

A

renal tubular necrosis accompanied by lymphocytic interstitial nephritis, pneumonia and placentitis

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86
Q

Can leptospira be isolated or demonstrated from fetal tissues?

A

**rapidly destroyed by autolysis or freezing
-can be isoalted from fetal liver, kidney brain (possible, slow and impracticle)
–> dark field microscopy, FA staining or histo techniques

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87
Q

Leptospira related abortions are typically diagnosed using:

A

serology: difficult to distinguish among vaccinated, acutely infected and recovered animals
serovar pomona: greater than 1: 12,800 in the dam suggest lepospiral abortion

–> single titers of 1:800 or more in unvaccinated animals, sero conversion or fourfold changes in titers in paired sera indicate lepstospirosis in the herd

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88
Q

Lepto pathophysiology of abortion:

A

hematogenously spread lepsospires colonized the gravid uterus up tto 142 days after infection
abortion: 1 to 6 wks after L pmono acute dz
abortion: 1 to 3 months with L hardjo

89
Q

How long can L. hardjo remain in oviducts of infected cows after calving?

A

up to 22 days

90
Q

Are aborted tissues infected with leptospira infectious?

A

-yes to other animals and humans
**handle with caution

91
Q

What serves as a source of leptospira to other animals?

A

infected animals shedding organism in urine

92
Q

In abortion outbreaks with leptospira, what should be performed for treatment and control?

A

-pregnant cows: vx with killed bacterin and tx with oxytetracycline
-isolated aborting cows from ret of herd
-removed aborted fetuses and placentas from premises
-prevent exposure to swine, rodents and contam water– lessens opportunity for infection

93
Q

How often is vaccination against leptospira recommended?

A

6 month intervals or more freq in areas with heavy exposure (dairys and beef operations iwth wet enviroments)

–> aim at reducing urinary shedding and decreasing fetal loss

94
Q

What is the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion) in cattle?

A

Pajarellobacter abortibovis

95
Q

Where does Epizootic abortion (Foothill abortion) occur?

A

syndrome of late abortions in cattle in the foothills bordering the central valley of California

96
Q

What is required for full development of pathologic changes in the fetus with epizootic abortion (foot hill abortion)?

A

3 month period

97
Q

What gross lesions are seen with epizootic abortion (foot hill abortion)?

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes: up to 16 g
spleen enlarged to 250 g
thymus slightly smaller than normal
+/- enlarged/nodular liver

98
Q

Pathophysiology of epizootic abortion (foot hill abortion): transmission

A

soft shell tick: Ornithodoros coriaceus (pajaroello tick)

99
Q

Pathophysiology of epizootic abortion (foot hill abortion): timing of infection?

A

b/c at least 90 days are req for development of fetal lesions, infection after 6 months of gestation is not likely result of abortion

100
Q

Recommended control of epizootic abortion (foot hill abortion)

A

-exposing heifers to the tick vector before breeding

-changing from spring to fall calving, which takes advantage of limiting exposure ot the last trimester of gestation in some mgmt sys

101
Q

Brucella abortus pathogen that causes disease:

A

gram negative coccobacillus that is a facultative intracellular pathogen

102
Q

Causative agent of Bang’s disease

A

Brucella abortus

103
Q

Brucella abortus causes what clinical symptoms in what spp?

A

Cattle: abortion
Horses: fistulus withers
**zoonotic disease

104
Q

When does abortion wiht Brucella abortustypically occur?

A

in the last trimester

105
Q

Brucella abortus clinical symptoms (esp in a grouped pregnant herd)

A

lameness
mastitis
epididymitis
and/or orchitis
foul smelling yellow ot brownish exudate containing fibrin and necrotic debris expressed from uterine lumen
placentitis is common findings

106
Q

Brucella abortus placental abnormalities

A

-necrotic cotyledons
-intercotyledonary placenta is thickened and opaque with accumulation of odorless, flocculent, yellow-br exudate between maternal and fetal membranes

107
Q

What are common histopathologic findings on the fetus infected with Brucella abortus

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia
serositis
lymphoreticular hyperplasia

108
Q

Brucella abortus diagnosis

A

culture: B abortus form fetal lung, abomasum or placenta

-Immunoflourescence, PCR

109
Q

What can be used in adults that are clinically or latently infected with Brucella abortus?

A

serum agglutiantion
card and buffered plate agglutination
complement fixation
direct & indirect ELISA

110
Q

Brucella abortus pathophysiology to abortion:

A
  1. initial replication in regional lymph nodes
  2. bacteremia
  3. colonization of suprammary lymph nodes, mammary gland and gravid uterus
  4. replication in ER of chorioallantoic trophoblasts & placental endothelial cells and capilllary lumina– assoc with vasculitis and destruction of chorionic villi
  5. placental inflamm leads to chorioallantoic ulceration, necrosis of trophoblasts, and ulcerative endometritis
  6. fetal death d/t placental ddisruption and endotoxemia
111
Q

When does shedding of Brucella abortus occur after abortion?

A

3 weeks after abortion

112
Q

Infection with Brucella abortus occurs through what routes?

A

inhalation or ignestion of bacteria in aborted fetal membranes, fetuses or psot abortion vaginal discharge

113
Q

Bovine brucellosis has been nearly eradicated in the US by test and slaughter of seropositive cattle and vaccination. However a reservoir remains in what?

A

bison and elk
**esp in Yellowstone area

114
Q

Brucella abortus treatment?

A

comb therapy with on long acting oxytet and streptomycin- may reduce organism
**the infected individuals are usually destroyed

115
Q

Is there a vaccine for Brucella abortus?

A

Yes: strain 19 vaccine used as eradication– field strain infected cattle could not be differentiated

Strain RB51– only be administered to young heifers before pregnancy. **can be differentiated from fieldinfected cattle

116
Q

What is the cause of bovine campylobacteriosis (vibriosis, bovine genital ampylboacteriosis)?

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis

117
Q

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis source of infection?

A

gram eng flagellated bacterium– obligate paarasite of the bovien genital tract

118
Q

When does Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis cause abortion in the gestation?

A

EED or temporary infertility

sporadic abortions in 4 to 8 month gestation possible

119
Q

What are potential sources for culture of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis

A

-placenta or fetal abomasal contents: req at least 72 hours
-penis or preputial mucosa of infected bulls

**culture is difficult b/c organism is low growing and often overwhelmed by saprophytes

120
Q

What is the primary reservoir of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis?

A

the bull

121
Q

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis transmission

A

venereal

122
Q

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis treatment and control

A

_infected cows usu recover spontaneously w/in 5 months and resist reinfection
-heifers vaccinated with a bacterin before breeding (booster 2 wks later)
-cows and bulls vaccinated annually

123
Q

Histophilus somni abortion causes what reproductive abnormalities in cattle/

A

vulvitis
vaginitis
endometritis
weak calf syndrome
stillbirths
occasional abortion

124
Q

Histophilus somni diagnosis (associated with abortion)

A

-recovery of lg numbers of organism in rel pure culture form placenta or fetus
-histo evidence of placentitis
-lack fo other apparent causes

125
Q

Clinical manifestation of Listeria monocytogenes:

A

encephalitis
abortions
uveitis
septicemia

126
Q

Listeria monocytogenes bovine abortions occur in what time of gestation?

A

last 2 months

127
Q

Listeria monocytogenes sm ruminant abortions occur in what time of gestation?

A

last month

128
Q

Listeria monocytogenes aborted fetus lesions

A

gray-white hepatic foci up to 2 mm in diameter (may be on cotyledone)
exudation occurs between cotyledons
abomasal erosions (reported in aborted lambs)

129
Q

Listeria monocytogenes death of fetus occurs d/t

A

placentitis
septicemia

130
Q

Listerial abortion is experimentally induced in cattle and sheep after how many days of infection?

A

cattle: 6 to 8 days
sheep: 3 to 11 days

131
Q

outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes have been associated with what?

A

feeding silage

132
Q

Which mycoplasma spp have been associated with abortion in cattle and goats?

A

Cattle: Mycoplasma bovis (primarily), M. bovigenitalium

Goats: Mycoplasma mycoids subsp mycoids and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp capricolum

133
Q

Mycoplasma bovigenitalium causes the what lesions?

A

granular vulvovaginitis
less commonly endometritis

134
Q

Treatment of Mycoplasma

A

tetracycline, florfenicol or macrolide antibiotics may limit losses in pregnant animals if lesions of vulvovaginitis are seen in herdmates

135
Q

What organism has been recovered from embryo flushing media and has been associated with granular vulvitis and abortion in cattle?

A

Urea plasma (U. diversum)

136
Q

Bovine infection with ureaplasma diversum is common, but abortions are rare. What is a preventative measure that can be taken to prevent contamination during an embryo flush?

A

Uterine contamination can be avoided by using a doube-rod technique for AI

137
Q

Many bacteria are ubiquitous, freq contaminate aborted fetuses and placentas, and should not be considered the cause of abortion unless:

A
  1. they are isolated form the placenta and fetus in large numbers and relatively pure culture
  2. Placentitis or fetal inflammation is evident
  3. other more likely causes of abortion have been eliminated
138
Q

Trichomoniasis is caused by

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

139
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus is what kind of organism?

A

flagelled protozoan

140
Q

Where is Tritrichomonas foetus found?

A

in the prepuce, penis and occasionally urethral orifice of infected bulls

141
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus transmission occurs via

A

venereal, transmission to cows results in clinical disease

142
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus infertility is characterized by:

A

-high percentage of cows returning to estrus or found nonpregnant after breeding season
-cows calving late
-occasional pyometras and abortions

143
Q

Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in the female

A

culturing trichomonads or using PCR to detect placental fluids or fetal abomasal contents

144
Q

Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in males

A

preputial smegam collected by using a plastic pipette or commerically available sampling device against mucosa

145
Q

What can lead to false negative results on culture and PCR for Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

-T. foetus degrades its DNA postmortem, improper sample handling male lead to false negative results

146
Q

After cows are infected with Tritrichomoniasis foetus and EED occurs, does immunity develop and if so, how long?

A

Yes

Develops for a 2 to 6 month period of immunity to reinfection

147
Q

Can bulls clear infection with Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

No, typically permanently infected in bulls >3 to 4 years old

Younger bulls, may be transiently infected (related to development of deeper mucosal folds in prepuce)

148
Q

Treatment of cows infected with Tritrichomonas foetus

A

-usually clear infection within 95 days, rarely persists past 6 months

-no tx available in US
-cull infected animals OR
3 months of sexual rest

149
Q

Is vacccination effective against Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

No

The recommendation is to test bulls over 3 years of age and cull

150
Q

What is the definitive host of Neospora caninum?

A

canids– shed oocyts in feces after ingeted of infected tissues from intermediate hots

151
Q

Neospora caninum intermediate hosts:

A

cattle
deer
suspect birds and rodents (not been demonstrated)

152
Q

Neospora caninum mode of transmission

A

-vertical: dam to fetus in utero
-point-source horizontal: ingestion of feed contaminated with feces containing oocyts

horizontal transmission does not exist

153
Q

Bovine fetal lesions caused by Neospora caninum

A

-nonsuppurative encaphlitis with foci of necrosis and gliosis
-suppurative myositis
-heaptitis
-myocarditis

**lesions are distinctive

154
Q

Neospora caninum abortions occur in what time period of gestation?

A

mostly in early 2nd trimester
**may occur throughout gestation

155
Q

Neospora caninum Diagnosis

A

-characteristic lesions of aborted fetuses
-seroepidmeiologic study of equal aborting and nonaborting hermate cows if proprotion of seropos is statically higher in those that have aborted

156
Q

Does finding a cow that is seropositive for Neospora caninum, confirm that is a cause of abortion?

A

No

**cows that abort are not protected form future abortion by this organism

157
Q

Sarcocystosis can cause abortion in what spp? and with what Sarcocystis

A

cattle: Sarcocystis cruzi
sheep: Sarcocystis ovicanis
goats: Sarcocystis capracanis

158
Q

Do cattle show C/S of infection with Sarcocystis?

A

No, unless massive or repeated infection C/S:
-depression, anorexia, wt loss, lameness, hair loss, emaciation or death

159
Q

Sarcocystis abortions occurs in what time of gestation?

A

late gestation

160
Q

Sarcocystis diagnosis

A

-no specific gross lesion in aborted fetus
-histo: +/- protozoa observed in villi and sm arteries of cotyledon or (more likely) the caruncle; more likely to be seen in fetal brain that other tissues
-nonsuppurative inflamm: in placenta or fetal tissues (brain, heart, lung, liver or kidney)

161
Q

What is the pathogenesis of abortion caused by sarcocystis?

A

unknown - generally numerous spores are required to induce abortion experimentally

162
Q

Sarcocystis can be recovered from what organs in cows, generally no assoc with lesions or clinical evidence of illness?

A

skeletal and cardiac mm

163
Q

Control of Sarcocystis infection?

A

-life cycle to be broke: feeds should be kept free of dog or cat feces
-carnivores should not be allowed to eat aborted fetuses, placentas or other ruminant carcasses

164
Q

Bluetongue belongs to what genus of viruses?

A

orbivirus

165
Q

Blue tongue can result in what reproductive lesions in sheep, cattle or other ruminants?

A

EED, abortion, fetal anomalies

166
Q

Border disease or hairy shaker disease is an ovine pestivirus that can cause what reproductive lesions?

A

embryonic and fetal death
still births
dysplasia of the CNS, skeleton and fleece
birth of weak lambs with low viability

167
Q

Coxiella burnetii is what kind of bacteria?

A

obligate intracellular, pleomorphic bacterium– related to rickettsial family of bacteria

168
Q

What is the causative agent of Qfever (dz of humans)?

A

Coxiella burnetii

169
Q

Coxiella burnetii causes abortion in what time period of gestation?

A

late term abortions in sheep and gats (rare in cattle)

170
Q

Coxiella burnetii: what spp is the primary reservoir?

A

subclinically infected ruminants

171
Q

Coxiella burnetii history/presentation?

A

late term abortions or delivery of stillborn or weak kids/lambs in affected her or flock

172
Q

Coxiella burnetii placental lesions

A

thickened white or chalky plques and red-brown exudate, esp in intercotyledonary areas

173
Q

Coxiella burnetii Diagnosis of abortion

A

-gross and histo evidence of severe placentitis with lg numbers of organisms visible using modified Koster stain, Stamp’s modified Ziehl Neelsen stain or Gimenez stain
-demonstration of compatible placental lesions
-quantification of C. burnetti by qPCR
-documentation of the absence of other abortigenic agents

174
Q

Coxiella burnetii is culture possible?

A

Yes, but is difficult

175
Q

Is Coxiella burnetii from normal ruminants?

A

Yes in small numbers

**seropos/seroneg small ruminnts shed the organism

176
Q

Coxiella burnetii transmission

A

-inhalation or ingestion of infected material
-spread by infected ticks

177
Q

Coxiella burnetti pathophysiology

A

-inhalation/ingestion/spread by ticks
-replicates in trophoblasts–> placentitis with late stage abortion, stillbirth or birth of weak offspring

178
Q

Coxiella burnetii can persist in the environment as

A

small cell variant: durable sporelike particle

179
Q

What are recommendations due to Coxiella burnetii zoonotic potential?

A

-pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals, indivuals with preexisting illness and those with veiscular grafts should not handle Coxiella infected animals or tissues or be exposed to contaminated environments

180
Q

What is the most common means by which humans become infected with Coxiella burnetii during ruminant abortion outbreaks?

A

Aerosolization and inhalation of SCVs

181
Q

Treatment and control measures for Coxiella burnetii

A

-aborting does and ewes isolated
-abortuses and palcentas removed from premises; disposal: burial, burning or composting
-no Tx available for ruminants (oxytetracycline suggested)
-vaccine not avail in US
-cleaning and disinfection contam bedding
-PPE

182
Q

abortion causes by campylobacter fetus subsp fetus causes abortion in ewes in what time period of gestation?

A

last 6 weeks of pregnancy

183
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus infection of ewes causes what reproductive lesions

A

still births
birth of premature lambs
necrosuppurative placentitis and multiorgan infection of fetus
–> fetus edematous and has pot-bellied appearance

184
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus infected ewes may show what C/S before parturition

A

fever
diarrhea
depression
vaginal discharge

185
Q

What lesions are seen in the ovine fetuses aborted due to campylobacter fetus subsp fetus?

A

multifocal, circular, pale foci (resembling donuts/targets) visible on liver of 25% of aborted vine fetuses
**not pathognomonic, but strongly suggestive of campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

186
Q

Transmission of campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

A

Transmitted via ingestion

187
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus Pathophysiology

A
  1. ingested
  2. translocated across intestinal mucosa into blood stream
  3. infects placenta and fetus
188
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus incubation period

A

highly variable
12 to 113 days (most common 14 to 21 days)

189
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus fetal infection most common in what time period of gestation?

A

last 2 months of gestation

190
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus abortion outbreaks tend to be in what time period/ yearly cycles?

A

every 4 to 6 year cycles

191
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus abortion outbreaks can be treated with:

A

tetracyclines or macrolides

192
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp fetus: treatment/diagnosis: why is speciation important?

A

C jejni (N. American strain) vs C. fetus subsp fetus cannot be distinguished

193
Q

Campylobacter jejuni is an enteric pathogen that causes enteritis and diarrhea in many spp. Only in sheep does it cause, what reproductive abnormalities?

A

placental and fetal infection (common)

194
Q

Campylobacter jejuni pathophysiology in ewes

A

IV ioculation of pregnant ewes with C. jejni at 114 to 123 days of pregnancy consistenty induced abortion at 7 to 12 days later

195
Q

Campylobacter jejuni aborted tissues from sheep should be handled with care because

A

These are infectious to humans

196
Q

Brucella ovis manifests primarily as what?

A

epididymitis in rams

Ewes seldom show clinical evidence of infection– late abortions, still births and delivery of weak lamns (RARE)

197
Q

Is Brucella ovis a zoonotic pathogenic?

A

Not been documented to be zoonotic

198
Q

Chlamydophila abortus Abortion (Enzootic Abortion of Ewes) is what kind of bacteria?

A

gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria

199
Q

Ovine chlamydial abortion is called

A

enzootic aboriton of ewes

200
Q

What are characteristic findings of Chlamydophila abortus are

A

late term abortions or stillbirths with placentitis

201
Q

Chlamydophila abortus with abortions, does the dam show C/S

A

No, but may have serosanguineous vaginal discharge several days before and after parturition

202
Q

What is the most consistent necropsy finding in chlamydial abortions?

A

placenta markedly thickened with necrosis in cotyledon and intercotyledonary areas

hemorrhagic exudate may be evident at edges of these lesions

203
Q

Chlamydophila abortus diagnosis of abortion

A

-ID of organism:
-placental impression smears stained with GIemsa, Gimenze or modified Ziehl Neelsen– spheric bodies in cytoplasm of trophoblasts
-presence of placental lesions

204
Q

Chlamydophila abortus transmission

A

ingestion, shed from genital tract of infected animals before and after parturition

205
Q

Chlamydophila abortus source of infection

A

reside in intestinal tract

exposure to aborted tissues, contaminated environment or vaginal discharge

206
Q

Chlamydophila abortus incubation period

A

60 to 100 days

207
Q

Is Chlamydophila abortus zoonotic?

A

Yes, pregnant women, or immunosuppressed individuals should not handled infected animals or tissues

PPE should be worn

208
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii is what kind of organism

A

ubiquitous protozoan

209
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii transmission to sheep and goats

A

via direct contat or fectal contamination of feed or water
**ingestion of oocysts in feline feces

210
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii Cats are infected and shed when

A

infected by ingestion of infected rodents, birds, carrion or aborted fetuses and tissues

The cats shed heavy numbers of occysts in first 2 to 4 weeks after becoming infected

211
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii Clinical illness in adults?

A

No, but may result in EED, fetal death and abortion, stillbirth or birth of weak nonviable lambs or kids

212
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii characteristic gross lesion

A

presence of white chalky foci necrosis and calcification up to 2 mm in diameter in cotyledons

213
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii histo lesions

A

nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis

+/- pneumonia, myocarditis, hepatitis

214
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii tachyoites- what are they and where can they be found in aborted material?

A

placenta or other fetal tissues (not numerous)

Tachyzoites- oval with a central nucleaus and appear larger in impression smears than in paraffin sections

215
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii diagnosis

A

serologic tests: modified agglutination test, indirect FA test, Sabin Feldman dye test, indirect hemagglutination test, ELISA– detect in pleural fluid or amniotic fluids or presuckling serum from nondecomposed fetuses

216
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii high maternal plasma titers interpretation

A

not diagnostic of toxoplasma abortion, but lack of titer eliminates toxoplasmosis as the cause of abortion

217
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii when does placental infection occur

A

approx 14 days after ingestion of oocysts

218
Q

Toxoplasmosis gondii what lesions are seen in what time period of gestation after infection

A

infection after 50 days gestation– EED and resorption

infection between 60 to 100 days– fetal death or birth of weak lambs

infection in last month of gestation: the no apparent effect on fetus

**experimental infection between 6 to 14 days of pregnancy, abortions occurred 1 to 2 months after inoculation
**natural infection abortions 1 month before parturition

219
Q

The incidence of abortion in llamas and alpacas is low– Infectious casues in North America include:

A

Leptospirosis
toxoplasmosis
chlamydophilosis
other nonsp uterine infections
BVDV– considered emerging dz in alpaca herds

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