ch12.alterationsinsexualfunction Flashcards by Cassie Baumgarten

Examples of congenital abnormalities in bulls that may lead to inappropriate breeding

persistent penile frenulum
penile deviations

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Examples of acquired abnormality in bulls that may lead to inappropriate breeding

penile hematoma caused by rupture of tunic albuginea of bulls
–>paraphimosis, adhesions or sensory nerve damage

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What lesions are most commonly seen stallion penis’s?

squamous cell carcinoma
cutaneous habronemiasis

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What is the most common lesions in rams penis?

ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) caused by Corynebacterium renale

**in rams on a high protein diet

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Diseases of accessory sex glands are commonly seen in what spp

bulls
stallions

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Vesicular gland adenitis in bulls and stallions is described as

presence of leukocytes in the semen
enlargement, induration and lobulation noted on palpation and ultrasound of glands per rectum

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Azoospermia can be caused by

bilateral sperm granuloma blockage of the ampullae

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Treatment of sperm granuloma

-gentle transrectal message
-low dose prostaglandin or oxytocin admin
-frequent semen collections (dislodge granuloma)

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When is puberty achieved in the stallion, bull ram and buck?

stallion: 18 months
bull: 9 to 12 months
ram and buck: 7 to 8 months

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Cycle irregularities become evident when?

in the display of irregular estrous cycles
-physiologic, pathologic or artifact
(abnomral interval from one estrus to subsequent estrous)

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Common causes of cyclic irregularity in ruminants

erroneous heat detection
endometritis
intrauterine therapy
cystic ovaries
heat stress
leptospirosis
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
bovine virus diarrhea
campylobacteriosis
trichomnoiasis
embryonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy

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Cystic ovarian follicles are seen commonly in what cattle?

high- yielding dairy cattle during the first months postpartum

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Cystic ovarian follicles can result in

-interfer with regular cyclic ovarian activity
-nymphomania– a state pof persistent or frequent heats
-progesterone producing luteal cysts result in absence of estrous behavior and prlonged interestrus interval

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At what age do mares stop cycling?

older than 25 years old

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Sheep and Goats have a pathologic cause of irregular or prolonged estrous cycles in the consumption of what plants?

phytoestrogens from plants such as clover and alfalfa

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Common causes of anestrus in mares

season (fall, winter)
poor heat detection
corpus luteum persistence
diestrus ovulation
pregnancy
early embryonic death after recognition of pregnancy
fetal death after endometrial cup formation
psychological impediments
maternal behavior

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A variety of conditions can lead to hypothalamic or pituitary suppression preventing the release of what hormones?

GnRH from hypothalamus
-lack of FSH and luteinizing hormong (LH) by the pituitary

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What (most common) conditions can cause hypothalamic or pituitary suppression preventing the release of reproductive hormones?

poor nutrition
heavy lactation
periparturient disease
weight loss
idiopathic condition

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What incidence of repeat breeding is considered acceptable for dairies?

10 to 15%

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What are pregnancy rates per cycle are between what percentage?

60 to 70%

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What percentage of mares lose their pregnancy in the first 4 months of gestation?

5 to 8%

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What hormone has been shown to be an important mediator of follicular development, steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development

insulin

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Early embryonic death definition

death of a conceptus before organogenesis is complete ( about 55 days in horses, 45 days in cattle, 34 days in sheep)

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Abortion definition

to pregnancy loss after the copmletion of organogenesis

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Stillbirth definition

refers to the delivery of a nonviable fetus at or near term

When do mares, cows, ewes and does recognize a pregnancy endocrinologically?

mare: 11 to 14 days cow: 15 to 17 days ewe & doe: day 12

(fetal) Mummification definition

characterized by fluid reabsorption from a fetus retained in a sterile uterine environment

Fetal mummification is most common in what spp?

spp that are multiparous with CL-dependent pregnancy

(fetal) maceration definition

degenerative changes that occur in a fetus after retention in a nonsterile uterine environment **may be assoc with significant maternal endometrial damage

Equine herpesvirus-1 abortion is usualy at what month of gestation? and pathogenesis?

after 7 months of gestation **result of exposure and viremia, with damage to the placental vasculature

Exposure of pregnant mares to EAV may lead to abortion with what time period after initial viral exposure?

1 to 3 weeks

Does exposure to EAV at breeding cause a mare to abort later in gestation?

Mare reproductive loss syndrome defined as

consumption of eastern tent caterpillars (larva of Malacosoma americanum) by mares causes abortion

Diagnosis of mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) is done by

1. placental lesions 2. culture of characteristic bacteria from fetal tissues 3. conformation of inc caterpillar exposure 4. diagnostic elimination of other known causes of abortion

in MRLS what are the most common bacterial isolates?

non-beta-hemolytic streptococci actinobacilli

What infection results in gross lesions easily recognized as brownish, tick and tenacious exudate on the corionic surface?

Nocardioform placentitis: Crosiella equi, Amycolatopsis spp, Stretomyces spp

What Leptospira spp most commonly causes abortion in horses?

Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomna type Kennewicki

Bacterial and fungal abortions in mares are most commonly due to

infections ascending through the cervix, causing placentitis

What is the most common noninfectious cause of equine abortion?

twin pregnancy

In horses with a twin pregnancy, when is the most common time to abort?

after 7 months

Bacterial abortions in ruminants that are a result of hematogenous spread, can be caused by what bacteria?

Brucella abortus Arcanobacterium pyogenesBacillus spp listeria monocytogenes E. coli leptospira spp pasteurella haemolytica

What are the most common infectious causes of abortion in ewes?

Campylobacteirosis (vibriosis)- c. eftus and C fetus subsp jejuni Chalmydia psittaci

Noninfectious causes of abortion in large animsl include

genetic or chromosomal factors maternal stress inadequate nutrition vitamin or mineral deficiencies ingestion of poisonous plants or other toxins hormonal factors environmental factors physical factors certain medications

What is the toxic principle of fescue?

ergot alkaloids **endophytic fungus Epichloe coenophiala

What is the most abundant ergot alkaloid in tall fescue?

ergovaline

Pathogenesis of agalactia iwth fescue toxicosis

Ergovaline- dopaminergic agonist interacts with DRD2 (dopamine type 2 receptors) that inhibits release of prolactin

Besides preventing the release of prolactin, what is another negative side effect of fescue toxicosis?

vasoconstriction

What are problems reported in horses grazing fescue?

altered hormone concentrations extended gestation thickened placenta premature placental separation placental retention dystocia birth of dysmature foals inc foal and placental weights agalactia

In addition to lactogenesis, prolactin exerts an effect on

steroidogenesis (estrogens, progesterone, testosterone) hair growth and sheeding libido synthesis of surfactant by fetal lumbs maturation of fetal adrenal pituitary axis

What two diseases are caused in ruminants due to ergo alkaloids (vasoconstrictive effects)?

Summer slump- warm climates Fescue foot- cold climates

Definitive diagnosis of fescue toxicosis is made via

identification of the endophytic fungus in forage or seed samples by microscopic exam

What viruses in ruminants can cause severe cerebral lesions in the fetus, resulting in absence of the hypothalamus and pituitary stalk?

Bluetongue virus bovine diarrhea virus border diseae virus

When pregnant ewes ingest what plant on the 14th day of pregnancy, that results in fetuses lacking a pituitary gland or malformed hypothalamic stalk?

Veratrum californicum

What is normal gestation length in a mare, dairy cow, beef cow, ewe and doe?

mare: 310 to 374 dairy cows: 275 to 292 beef cows: 271 to 310 ewe: 143 to 155 does: 146 to 155 days

Define dystocia

difficult parturition

Dystocia in mares and ruminants is more likely to be attributable to fetal causes, such as

malpresentation malposition malposture (as opposed to maternal conditions)

What are the 3 stages of parturition?

1. Position of the fetus and myometrial contractions 2. rupture of the chorioallantois and delivery of fetus 3. expulsion of the placenta

Second stage of parturition in the bovine requires what time frame?

1/2 hour to 4 hours

Second stage of parturition in ewe and does occurs in what time frame?

1/2 hour to 2 hours

Dose of caudal epidural anesthesia in mare

1 to 1.25 ml per 100 kg of 2% lidocaine

Retained fetal membranes are pathologically retained in ruminants after what time frame?

8 to 12 hours

The placenta of the ewe and doe are considered retained after what time period?

over 24 hours

Define galactorrhea

abnormal manifestation of lactation (not the secretion of true milk) **popularly known as witch's milk