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RandomSmithChapters > ch12.alterationsinsexualfunction > Flashcards

ch12.alterationsinsexualfunction Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of congenital abnormalities in bulls that may lead to inappropriate breeding

A

persistent penile frenulum
penile deviations

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2
Q

Examples of acquired abnormality in bulls that may lead to inappropriate breeding

A

penile hematoma caused by rupture of tunic albuginea of bulls
–>paraphimosis, adhesions or sensory nerve damage

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3
Q

What lesions are most commonly seen stallion penis’s?

A

squamous cell carcinoma
cutaneous habronemiasis

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4
Q

What is the most common lesions in rams penis?

A

ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) caused by Corynebacterium renale

**in rams on a high protein diet

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5
Q

Diseases of accessory sex glands are commonly seen in what spp

A

bulls
stallions

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6
Q

Vesicular gland adenitis in bulls and stallions is described as

A
  1. presence of leukocytes in the semen
  2. enlargement, induration and lobulation noted on palpation and ultrasound of glands per rectum
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7
Q

Azoospermia can be caused by

A

bilateral sperm granuloma blockage of the ampullae

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8
Q

Treatment of sperm granuloma

A

-gentle transrectal message
-low dose prostaglandin or oxytocin admin
-frequent semen collections (dislodge granuloma)

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9
Q

When is puberty achieved in the stallion, bull ram and buck?

A

stallion: 18 months
bull: 9 to 12 months
ram and buck: 7 to 8 months

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10
Q

Cycle irregularities become evident when?

A

in the display of irregular estrous cycles
-physiologic, pathologic or artifact
(abnomral interval from one estrus to subsequent estrous)

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11
Q

Common causes of cyclic irregularity in ruminants

A

erroneous heat detection
endometritis
intrauterine therapy
cystic ovaries
heat stress
leptospirosis
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
bovine virus diarrhea
campylobacteriosis
trichomnoiasis
embryonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy

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12
Q

Cystic ovarian follicles are seen commonly in what cattle?

A

high- yielding dairy cattle during the first months postpartum

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13
Q

Cystic ovarian follicles can result in

A

-interfer with regular cyclic ovarian activity
-nymphomania– a state pof persistent or frequent heats
-progesterone producing luteal cysts result in absence of estrous behavior and prlonged interestrus interval

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14
Q

At what age do mares stop cycling?

A

older than 25 years old

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15
Q

Sheep and Goats have a pathologic cause of irregular or prolonged estrous cycles in the consumption of what plants?

A

phytoestrogens from plants such as clover and alfalfa

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16
Q

Common causes of anestrus in mares

A

season (fall, winter)
poor heat detection
corpus luteum persistence
diestrus ovulation
pregnancy
early embryonic death after recognition of pregnancy
fetal death after endometrial cup formation
psychological impediments
maternal behavior

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17
Q

A variety of conditions can lead to hypothalamic or pituitary suppression preventing the release of what hormones?

A

GnRH from hypothalamus
-lack of FSH and luteinizing hormong (LH) by the pituitary

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18
Q

What (most common) conditions can cause hypothalamic or pituitary suppression preventing the release of reproductive hormones?

A

poor nutrition
heavy lactation
periparturient disease
weight loss
idiopathic condition

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19
Q

What incidence of repeat breeding is considered acceptable for dairies?

A

10 to 15%

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20
Q

What are pregnancy rates per cycle are between what percentage?

A

60 to 70%

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21
Q

What percentage of mares lose their pregnancy in the first 4 months of gestation?

A

5 to 8%

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22
Q

What hormone has been shown to be an important mediator of follicular development, steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development

A

insulin

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23
Q

Early embryonic death definition

A

death of a conceptus before organogenesis is complete ( about 55 days in horses, 45 days in cattle, 34 days in sheep)

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24
Q

Abortion definition

A

to pregnancy loss after the copmletion of organogenesis

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25
Q

Stillbirth definition

A

refers to the delivery of a nonviable fetus at or near term

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26
Q

When do mares, cows, ewes and does recognize a pregnancy endocrinologically?

A

mare: 11 to 14 days
cow: 15 to 17 days
ewe & doe: day 12

27
Q

(fetal) Mummification definition

A

characterized by fluid reabsorption from a fetus retained in a sterile uterine environment

28
Q

Fetal mummification is most common in what spp?

A

spp that are multiparous with CL-dependent pregnancy

29
Q

(fetal) maceration definition

A

degenerative changes that occur in a fetus after retention in a nonsterile uterine environment
**may be assoc with significant maternal endometrial damage

30
Q

Equine herpesvirus-1 abortion is usualy at what month of gestation? and pathogenesis?

A

after 7 months of gestation

**result of exposure and viremia, with damage to the placental vasculature

31
Q

Exposure of pregnant mares to EAV may lead to abortion with what time period after initial viral exposure?

A

1 to 3 weeks

32
Q

Does exposure to EAV at breeding cause a mare to abort later in gestation?

A

no

33
Q

Mare reproductive loss syndrome defined as

A

consumption of eastern tent caterpillars (larva of Malacosoma americanum) by mares causes abortion

34
Q

Diagnosis of mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) is done by

A
  1. placental lesions
  2. culture of characteristic bacteria from fetal tissues
  3. conformation of inc caterpillar exposure
  4. diagnostic elimination of other known causes of abortion
35
Q

in MRLS what are the most common bacterial isolates?

A

non-beta-hemolytic streptococci
actinobacilli

36
Q

What infection results in gross lesions easily recognized as brownish, tick and tenacious exudate on the corionic surface?

A

Nocardioform placentitis: Crosiella equi, Amycolatopsis spp, Stretomyces spp

37
Q

What Leptospira spp most commonly causes abortion in horses?

A

Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomna type Kennewicki

38
Q

Bacterial and fungal abortions in mares are most commonly due to

A

infections ascending through the cervix, causing placentitis

39
Q

What is the most common noninfectious cause of equine abortion?

A

twin pregnancy

40
Q

In horses with a twin pregnancy, when is the most common time to abort?

A

after 7 months

41
Q

Bacterial abortions in ruminants that are a result of hematogenous spread, can be caused by what bacteria?

A

Brucella abortus
Arcanobacterium pyogenesBacillus spp
listeria monocytogenes
E. coli
leptospira spp
pasteurella haemolytica

42
Q

What are the most common infectious causes of abortion in ewes?

A

Campylobacteirosis (vibriosis)- c. eftus and C fetus subsp jejuni
Chalmydia psittaci

43
Q

Noninfectious causes of abortion in large animsl include

A

genetic or chromosomal factors
maternal stress
inadequate nutrition
vitamin or mineral deficiencies
ingestion of poisonous plants or other toxins
hormonal factors
environmental factors
physical factors
certain medications

44
Q

What is the toxic principle of fescue?

A

ergot alkaloids
**endophytic fungus Epichloe coenophiala

45
Q

What is the most abundant ergot alkaloid in tall fescue?

A

ergovaline

46
Q

Pathogenesis of agalactia iwth fescue toxicosis

A

Ergovaline- dopaminergic agonist interacts with DRD2 (dopamine type 2 receptors) that inhibits release of prolactin

47
Q

Besides preventing the release of prolactin, what is another negative side effect of fescue toxicosis?

A

vasoconstriction

48
Q

What are problems reported in horses grazing fescue?

A

altered hormone concentrations
extended gestation
thickened placenta
premature placental separation
placental retention
dystocia
birth of dysmature foals
inc foal and placental weights
agalactia

49
Q

In addition to lactogenesis, prolactin exerts an effect on

A

steroidogenesis (estrogens, progesterone, testosterone)
hair growth and sheeding
libido
synthesis of surfactant by fetal lumbs
maturation of fetal adrenal pituitary axis

50
Q

What two diseases are caused in ruminants due to ergo alkaloids (vasoconstrictive effects)?

A

Summer slump- warm climates
Fescue foot- cold climates

51
Q

Definitive diagnosis of fescue toxicosis is made via

A

identification of the endophytic fungus in forage or seed samples by microscopic exam

52
Q

What viruses in ruminants can cause severe cerebral lesions in the fetus, resulting in absence of the hypothalamus and pituitary stalk?

A

Bluetongue virus
bovine diarrhea virus
border diseae virus

53
Q

When pregnant ewes ingest what plant on the 14th day of pregnancy, that results in fetuses lacking a pituitary gland or malformed hypothalamic stalk?

A

Veratrum californicum

54
Q

What is normal gestation length in a mare, dairy cow, beef cow, ewe and doe?

A

mare: 310 to 374
dairy cows: 275 to 292
beef cows: 271 to 310
ewe: 143 to 155
does: 146 to 155 days

55
Q

Define dystocia

A

difficult parturition

56
Q

Dystocia in mares and ruminants is more likely to be attributable to fetal causes, such as

A

malpresentation
malposition
malposture

(as opposed to maternal conditions)

57
Q

What are the 3 stages of parturition?

A
  1. Position of the fetus and myometrial contractions
  2. rupture of the chorioallantois and delivery of fetus
  3. expulsion of the placenta
58
Q

Second stage of parturition in the bovine requires what time frame?

A

1/2 hour to 4 hours

59
Q

Second stage of parturition in ewe and does occurs in what time frame?

A

1/2 hour to 2 hours

60
Q

Dose of caudal epidural anesthesia in mare

A

1 to 1.25 ml per 100 kg of 2% lidocaine

61
Q

Retained fetal membranes are pathologically retained in ruminants after what time frame?

A

8 to 12 hours

62
Q

The placenta of the ewe and doe are considered retained after what time period?

A

over 24 hours

63
Q

Define galactorrhea

A

abnormal manifestation of lactation (not the secretion of true milk)
**popularly known as witch’s milk

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