Ch.10alterationsinurinaryfunction

Question 1

define dysuria

Answer 1

difficult or painful urination

Question 2

Define stranguria

Answer 2

straining to urinate, with normal rate of voiding and urine egress being decreased

Question 3

define pollakiuria

Answer 3

frequent voiding of small amount sof urine

Question 4

define urinary incontinence

Answer 4

involuntary voiding of urine
**most freq d/t lack of neuromuscular control

Question 5

A history of one or more horses showing clinical signs of spinal cord disease, respiratory disease, fever, stranguria or urinary incontinence should immediately lead one to consider

Answer 5

equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy

Question 6

In male horses, urethral calculi are most commonly lodged in what location?

Answer 6

-just below the anus & palpated on the midline of the perineum

Question 7

Signs of upper motor neuron bladder

Answer 7

**affecting urethral sphincter muscles
** frequently postures and strains to urinate– voids small amount of urine
frequent small amount of urine from the distended bladder occurs when animals responds to urge to void or bladder undergoes reflex contraction

Question 8

Signs of lower motor neuron bladder

Answer 8

**primary lesion effecting the detrusor mm
urinary incontinence– predominant clinical sign
bladder easily expressed

Question 9

Other clinical signs that may accompany a lower motor neuron bladder

Answer 9

sacral and coccygeal nerves affected
- atrophy of the gluteal or tailhead musculature
-ataxia or weeakness of the rear limbs may or may not be present with bladder paralysis d/t LMN dysfunction

Question 10

define hematuria

Answer 10

blood in the urine

Question 11

define pigmenturia

Answer 11

presence of abnormal pigment in the urine

Question 12

describe hematuria after centrifugation

Answer 12

clears partially/entirely after centrifugation– pigmented sediment pellet

red cell “ghosts” are visible on microscopic exam

Question 13

describe hemoglobinuria after centrifugation

Answer 13

color does not clear after centrifugation

**Intravascular hemolysis

Question 14

myoglobin can be differentiated from hemoglobinuria in urine through what methods?

Answer 14

ammonium sulfate precipitation
electophoresis
spectroscopy

Question 15

Differentials for Hematuria

Answer 15

-after exercise: urinary tract mucosa, anomalous vascular structures or mucosal trauma from uroliths
-Toxins: cantharidin, bracken fern
-stallions- vascular fistula or cavernosal rupture in proximal urethra

Question 16

Differentials for hemolgobinuria

Answer 16

-hemolytic toxics: red maple leaves, copper, ions, bacterial hemolysis
-hypertonic fluids (IV hemolysis)/DMSO
-water intoxication

Question 17

define pyuria

Answer 17

gross or microscopic evidence of inflammatory cells in the urine

Question 18

What are predisposing factors for development of UTI

Answer 18

urinary calculi
dystocia
abnormal urethral or genital structure
neurologic disease

Question 19

What urine crystals are abundant in equine urine?

Answer 19

calcium carbonate
calcium phosphate

Question 20

What urine crystals can be normally seen in ruminant urine?

Answer 20

calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate

Question 21

predisposing factors for development of calcium oxalate

Answer 21

oxalate containing plants
high doses of parenteral vitamin C
toxins: oxalic acid, ethylene glycol

Question 22

define polyuria

Answer 22

passage of abnormally large amounts of urine

Question 23

Differentials for polyuria

Answer 23

central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus
nephrogenic DI
renal medullary washout
excessive drinking (polydipsia)
liver failure
certain electrolyte abnormalities

Question 24

As an alternative to water deprivation test to identify tubular disease and syfunction as teh cause of polyria, what can be measured

Answer 24

fractional clearance (fractional excretion) of sodium in urine
FcNa= (Na urine/Na plasma)x (crea plasma/ crea urine) X 100

Question 25

define anuria

Answer 25

absence of urine production

Question 26

define oliguria

Answer 26

scant or subnormal urine production

Question 27

What fractional sodium clearance is suggestive of primary tubular injury?

Answer 27

> 1%

Question 28

daily urine output by species:
horses
cattle
sheep and goats

Answer 28

horses: 3 to 18 ml/kg/day
cattle: 17 to 45 ml/kg/day
sheep and goats: 10 to 40 ml/kg/day