Ch.10alterationsinurinaryfunction Flashcards
define dysuria
difficult or painful urination
Define stranguria
straining to urinate, with normal rate of voiding and urine egress being decreased
define pollakiuria
frequent voiding of small amount sof urine
define urinary incontinence
involuntary voiding of urine
**most freq d/t lack of neuromuscular control
A history of one or more horses showing clinical signs of spinal cord disease, respiratory disease, fever, stranguria or urinary incontinence should immediately lead one to consider
equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy
In male horses, urethral calculi are most commonly lodged in what location?
-just below the anus & palpated on the midline of the perineum
Signs of upper motor neuron bladder
**affecting urethral sphincter muscles
** frequently postures and strains to urinate– voids small amount of urine
frequent small amount of urine from the distended bladder occurs when animals responds to urge to void or bladder undergoes reflex contraction
Signs of lower motor neuron bladder
**primary lesion effecting the detrusor mm
urinary incontinence– predominant clinical sign
bladder easily expressed
Other clinical signs that may accompany a lower motor neuron bladder
sacral and coccygeal nerves affected
- atrophy of the gluteal or tailhead musculature
-ataxia or weeakness of the rear limbs may or may not be present with bladder paralysis d/t LMN dysfunction
define hematuria
blood in the urine
define pigmenturia
presence of abnormal pigment in the urine
describe hematuria after centrifugation
clears partially/entirely after centrifugation– pigmented sediment pellet
red cell “ghosts” are visible on microscopic exam
describe hemoglobinuria after centrifugation
color does not clear after centrifugation
**Intravascular hemolysis
myoglobin can be differentiated from hemoglobinuria in urine through what methods?
ammonium sulfate precipitation
electophoresis
spectroscopy
Differentials for Hematuria
-after exercise: urinary tract mucosa, anomalous vascular structures or mucosal trauma from uroliths
-Toxins: cantharidin, bracken fern
-stallions- vascular fistula or cavernosal rupture in proximal urethra
Differentials for hemolgobinuria
-hemolytic toxics: red maple leaves, copper, ions, bacterial hemolysis
-hypertonic fluids (IV hemolysis)/DMSO
-water intoxication
define pyuria
gross or microscopic evidence of inflammatory cells in the urine
What are predisposing factors for development of UTI
urinary calculi
dystocia
abnormal urethral or genital structure
neurologic disease
What urine crystals are abundant in equine urine?
calcium carbonate
calcium phosphate
What urine crystals can be normally seen in ruminant urine?
calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate
predisposing factors for development of calcium oxalate
oxalate containing plants
high doses of parenteral vitamin C
toxins: oxalic acid, ethylene glycol
define polyuria
passage of abnormally large amounts of urine
Differentials for polyuria
central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus
nephrogenic DI
renal medullary washout
excessive drinking (polydipsia)
liver failure
certain electrolyte abnormalities
As an alternative to water deprivation test to identify tubular disease and syfunction as teh cause of polyria, what can be measured
fractional clearance (fractional excretion) of sodium in urine
FcNa= (Na urine/Na plasma)x (crea plasma/ crea urine) X 100
define anuria
absence of urine production
define oliguria
scant or subnormal urine production
What fractional sodium clearance is suggestive of primary tubular injury?
> 1%
daily urine output by species:
horses
cattle
sheep and goats
horses: 3 to 18 ml/kg/day
cattle: 17 to 45 ml/kg/day
sheep and goats: 10 to 40 ml/kg/day
