Ch40 and 43 Flashcards
anatomy
the biological form
physiology
biological function
physical laws
restrain evolution
fusiform
shape that is tapered on both ends
cells must exchange with
their environment
interstitial fluids
fluid between cells
main exchange surfaces in humans
the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems
tissue
a group of cells with a similar appearance and common function
organs
functional units of tissues
organ system
group of organs which function together
4 main types of animal tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
digestive
food processing
circulatory
internal distribution of materials
respiratory
gas exchange
immune and lymphatic
body defence
excretory
disposal of waste and osmotic regulation
endocrine
coordination of bodily activities
reproductive
reproduction
nervous
coordination of activities and stimuli detection and formulation of response
integumentary
protection and thermoregulation
skeletal
support, protection, movement
muscular
locomotion and movement
epithelial tissues or epithelia
cover outside of body and line organs and cavities inside the body; protect
cuboid epithelium
looks like a tunnel made of dice shaped cells
simple columnar epithelium
large brick shaped cells; looks like sea weed kinda
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of plate like cells
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells varying in height like seaweed with varying heights
stratified squamous epithelium
mulitlayered and regenerates fast, looks like a pile of horizontal cells
polarity of epithelia
apical side face the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ, basal is on the other side attached to basal lamina
connective tissue and fibroblasts
sparse populations of cells scattered in the intracellular membrane; fibroblasts which secret fiber proteins and macrophages
loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
fibrous connective tissue
tendons and ligaments
bone
made of osteon
adipose tissue
stores fat in adipose
blood
platlet, plasma, red and white blood cells
cartillage
collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal,smooth and cardiac
skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
smooth muscle
most involuntary muscles
cardiac muscle
contractile wall of the heart
glia
help support and nourish nerve cells part if nervous
parts of neuron
think tree: axon:root, cell body:trunk, dendrite: branches
hormones
signalling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system
regulator
an animal that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
conformer
internal conditions changes in accordance with external conditions in variable
homeostasis
maintenance of internal balance
set point
maintaining a variable at or near a particular value
stimulus
fluctuations in the variable above or below the set value
sensor
what detects the stimulus
response
a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
negative feedback
a control system that damps or reduces the stimulus
positive feedback
a control system that amplifies stimulus
circadian rythym
a set of psychological changes that occur every 24 hours
acclimatization
the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
endothermic
warmed by metabolic heat
ectothermic
warmed by external sources
countercurrent exchange
the transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
hypothalamus
where thermoregulation is centered
bioenergetics
the overall flow of energy in an animal
metabolic rate
the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
basal metabolic rate
nongrowing endotherm,at rest, not under stress, with an empty stomach
standard metabolic rate
fasting, ectotherm at rest at a particular rate
torpor
a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
hibernation
long term torpor
innate immunity
automatic immunity
adaptive immunity
specialized learned immunity
lysozyme
found in insect intestines and breaks down cell walls
phagocytosis
cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign objects
Toll-like receptor
binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens
2 main types of phagocytic cells and 2 other
neutrophils and macrophages,eosinophils and dendrites
macrophages
larger and wander
neutrophils
in the blood and attracted by signals from infected tissues
dendritic cells
stimulate adaptive immunity and live in tissues that contact the environment
eosinophils
fight multicellulars
natural killer cells
releases things to kill threats
interferons
interfere with viral infections
complement system
30 microbe bursting proteins in the blood stream
inflammatory response
the changes brought about by signalling molecules released upon injury or infection
mast cells
histamine is stored in this cell’s granule
cytokines
enhance immune response
lymphoctes
natural killer, B and T cells
B cell
in the bone
T cell
in the thymus
antigen
gets response from B or T, binds via antigen receptor protein on the small accessible part called the epitope
describe B antigen receptor
y shaped with two heavy and two light chains
antibody or immunoglobin
protein secreted by B
MHC
HOST PROTEIN THAT DISPLAYS ANTIGENS, leads to antigen presentation
effector cells
short lived, clone cells meant to fight immediatly via clonal selection
memory cells
long lived clones meant to remember via clonal selection
primary and secondary response
immediate and long term repsonses
cell-mediated immune response
T cells kill infected host cells
humoral immune response
antibodies fight in the blood and lymph
active immunity
acquired by organism
passive immunity
given by mother
