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AP Biology > Ch40 and 43 > Flashcards

Ch40 and 43 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

the biological form

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2
Q

physiology

A

biological function

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3
Q

physical laws

A

restrain evolution

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4
Q

fusiform

A

shape that is tapered on both ends

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5
Q

cells must exchange with

A

their environment

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6
Q

interstitial fluids

A

fluid between cells

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7
Q

main exchange surfaces in humans

A

the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems

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8
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar appearance and common function

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9
Q

organs

A

functional units of tissues

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10
Q

organ system

A

group of organs which function together

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11
Q

4 main types of animal tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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12
Q

digestive

A

food processing

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13
Q

circulatory

A

internal distribution of materials

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14
Q

respiratory

A

gas exchange

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15
Q

immune and lymphatic

A

body defence

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16
Q

excretory

A

disposal of waste and osmotic regulation

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17
Q

endocrine

A

coordination of bodily activities

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18
Q

reproductive

A

reproduction

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19
Q

nervous

A

coordination of activities and stimuli detection and formulation of response

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20
Q

integumentary

A

protection and thermoregulation

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21
Q

skeletal

A

support, protection, movement

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22
Q

muscular

A

locomotion and movement

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23
Q

epithelial tissues or epithelia

A

cover outside of body and line organs and cavities inside the body; protect

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24
Q

cuboid epithelium

A

looks like a tunnel made of dice shaped cells

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25
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

large brick shaped cells; looks like sea weed kinda

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26
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of plate like cells

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27
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells varying in height like seaweed with varying heights

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28
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

mulitlayered and regenerates fast, looks like a pile of horizontal cells

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29
Q

polarity of epithelia

A

apical side face the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ, basal is on the other side attached to basal lamina

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30
Q

connective tissue and fibroblasts

A

sparse populations of cells scattered in the intracellular membrane; fibroblasts which secret fiber proteins and macrophages

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31
Q

loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

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32
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

tendons and ligaments

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33
Q

bone

A

made of osteon

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34
Q

adipose tissue

A

stores fat in adipose

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35
Q

blood

A

platlet, plasma, red and white blood cells

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36
Q

cartillage

A

collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate

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37
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal,smooth and cardiac

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38
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement

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39
Q

smooth muscle

A

most involuntary muscles

40
Q

cardiac muscle

A

contractile wall of the heart

41
Q

glia

A

help support and nourish nerve cells part if nervous

42
Q

parts of neuron

A

think tree: axon:root, cell body:trunk, dendrite: branches

43
Q

hormones

A

signalling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system

44
Q

regulator

A

an animal that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

45
Q

conformer

A

internal conditions changes in accordance with external conditions in variable

46
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal balance

47
Q

set point

A

maintaining a variable at or near a particular value

48
Q

stimulus

A

fluctuations in the variable above or below the set value

49
Q

sensor

A

what detects the stimulus

50
Q

response

A

a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point

51
Q

negative feedback

A

a control system that damps or reduces the stimulus

52
Q

positive feedback

A

a control system that amplifies stimulus

53
Q

circadian rythym

A

a set of psychological changes that occur every 24 hours

54
Q

acclimatization

A

the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment

55
Q

thermoregulation

A

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

56
Q

endothermic

A

warmed by metabolic heat

57
Q

ectothermic

A

warmed by external sources

58
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

the transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

59
Q

hypothalamus

A

where thermoregulation is centered

60
Q

bioenergetics

A

the overall flow of energy in an animal

61
Q

metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

62
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

nongrowing endotherm,at rest, not under stress, with an empty stomach

63
Q

standard metabolic rate

A

fasting, ectotherm at rest at a particular rate

64
Q

torpor

A

a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

65
Q

hibernation

A

long term torpor

66
Q

innate immunity

A

automatic immunity

67
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specialized learned immunity

68
Q

lysozyme

A

found in insect intestines and breaks down cell walls

69
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign objects

70
Q

Toll-like receptor

A

binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

71
Q

2 main types of phagocytic cells and 2 other

A

neutrophils and macrophages,eosinophils and dendrites

72
Q

macrophages

A

larger and wander

73
Q

neutrophils

A

in the blood and attracted by signals from infected tissues

74
Q

dendritic cells

A

stimulate adaptive immunity and live in tissues that contact the environment

75
Q

eosinophils

A

fight multicellulars

76
Q

natural killer cells

A

releases things to kill threats

77
Q

interferons

A

interfere with viral infections

78
Q

complement system

A

30 microbe bursting proteins in the blood stream

79
Q

inflammatory response

A

the changes brought about by signalling molecules released upon injury or infection

80
Q

mast cells

A

histamine is stored in this cell’s granule

81
Q

cytokines

A

enhance immune response

82
Q

lymphoctes

A

natural killer, B and T cells

83
Q

B cell

A

in the bone

84
Q

T cell

A

in the thymus

85
Q

antigen

A

gets response from B or T, binds via antigen receptor protein on the small accessible part called the epitope

86
Q

describe B antigen receptor

A

y shaped with two heavy and two light chains

87
Q

antibody or immunoglobin

A

protein secreted by B

88
Q

MHC

A

HOST PROTEIN THAT DISPLAYS ANTIGENS, leads to antigen presentation

89
Q

effector cells

A

short lived, clone cells meant to fight immediatly via clonal selection

90
Q

memory cells

A

long lived clones meant to remember via clonal selection

91
Q

primary and secondary response

A

immediate and long term repsonses

92
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A

T cells kill infected host cells

93
Q

humoral immune response

A

antibodies fight in the blood and lymph

94
Q

active immunity

A

acquired by organism

95
Q

passive immunity

A

given by mother

AP Biology (13 decks)

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