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AP Biology > 45 1&2, 48 1-4, 49 2 > Flashcards

45 1&2, 48 1-4, 49 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine system

A

chemical signalling by hormones: 1 of 2 communication systems

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2
Q

nervous system

A

neurons that transmit signals along dedicated pathways:

1 of 2 communication systems

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3
Q

4 types of cell signalling

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, synaptic and neuroendocrine signalling

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4
Q

endocrine signalling

A
  • reach target cells via blood stream (hemolymph)
  • triggers response in target cells anywhere in the body
  • maintains homeostasis, mediates response to environmental stimuli, regulates growth and development
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5
Q

local regulators

A

act over short distances and reach target cells solely by diffusion ex.cytokines either paracrine and autocrine

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6
Q

paracrine signalling

A

local regulators trigger a response in neighboring cells

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7
Q

autocrine signalling

A

local regulators trigger a response in the cells that diffuse them

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8
Q

synaptic signalling

A

neurons form specialized junctions called synapses with target cells ex. muscle cells and other neurons

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9
Q

neurotransmitters

A

produced at synapses, molecules secreted that diffuse a short distance to bind to receptors at target cells ex. sensation, memory, cognition, movement

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10
Q

neuroendocrine signalling

A

neurohormones secreted by specialized neurons that diffuse from nerve cell ending and enter the bloodstream hitting target cells anywhere in the body

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11
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals released into the external environment for communication

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12
Q

endocrine cells can be found in..

A

endocrine glands and dispersed in organs with other functions

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13
Q

endocrine glands

A

endocrine cells grouped in ductless organs ex. thyroid and parathyroid

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14
Q

exocrine glands

A

carry secreted substances on the surface of the body ex.saliva

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15
Q

list of endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

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16
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones + examples

A

diffuse across membranes of endocrine cells and outside cells they bind to transport proteins steroids: cortisol+thyroxine

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17
Q

what are water soluble hormones+examples

A

secreted by exocytosis polypeptides: insulin+epinephrine

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18
Q

signal transduction

A

the series of changes that converts the extra-cellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response

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19
Q

epinephrine

A

due to short-term stressful situation secreted by adrenal glands also called adrenaline; causes liver to release glucose

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20
Q

many hormones elicit more than one

A

response

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21
Q

growth factors

A

stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation

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22
Q

nitric oxide

A

neurotransmitter and local regulator

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23
Q

prostaglandins

A

help sperms reach egg, help labor, regulate platelet aggregation, promotes fever and inflammation, and help maintain stomach lining

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24
Q

simple endocrine pathway

A

endocrine cells respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus by secreting a particular hormone

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25
Q

simple neuroendocrine pathway

A

stimulus is received by a sensory neuron which stimulates a neurosecretory cell which secretes a hormone into the bloodstream

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26
Q

negative feedback

A

a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

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27
Q

positive feedback

A

reinforces a stimulus, leading to an even greater response

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28
Q

insulin

A

released when blood sugar is high and triggers cells to uptake glucose: made by beta cells

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29
Q

glucagon

A

released when blood sugar is low and triggers release of glucose into the blood from energy stores such as liver glycogen:made by alpha cells

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30
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

deficiency of insulin (type 1) or decreased response to insulin (type 2)

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31
Q

ganglia

A

simpler clusters of neurons

32
Q

3 stages of information processing by the nervous system

A

sensory input, integration, and motor output

33
Q

central nervous system (cns)

A

the neurons that carry out integration: includes the brain and the longitudinal nerve cord

34
Q

peripheral nervous system (pns)

A

the neurons that carry infromation into and out of the cns

when bundled form nerves

35
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect external stimuli or internal conditions

36
Q

interneurons

A

form the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain, majority of the brain

37
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit signals to muscle cells leading to contraction

38
Q

membrane potential

A

the charge difference or voltage caused by opposite charges across plasma membrane

39
Q

resting potential

A

membrane potential of a resting neuron

40
Q

key ions in the formation of resting potential

A

potassium and sodium ions

41
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

maintain potassium and sodium ion gradients

42
Q

ion channels

A

allow ions to diffuse back and forth across the membrane

43
Q

equilibrium potential (Eions)

A

the magnitude of the membrane voltage at equilibrium for a particular ion

44
Q

nernst equation

A

Eion= 62mV(log [ion] outside/[ion] inside)

45
Q

gated ion channels

A

ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli

46
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential which makes the inside of the membrane more negative

47
Q

depolariztion

A

the reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential

48
Q

graded potential

A

magnitude varies with the strength of the stimuli

49
Q

action potential

A

a massive change in membrane voltage

50
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

opening or closing when the membrane potential passes a particular level, cause action potentials

51
Q

threshold

A

when a depolarization increases the membrane voltage to a particular value where active potentials occur

52
Q

5 stages of action potential

A

resting state,depolarization, rising phase ,falling phase, and undershoot

53
Q

3.rising phase

A

depolarization opens sodium channels, potassium remains closed, inside positive

54
Q

2.depolarization

A

stimulus opens sodium channels, depolarizing the membrane

55
Q

1.resting state

A

all gated channels are closed, ungated channels maintain the resting potential

56
Q

4.falling phase

A

most sodium channels inactivated, potassium channels are open, inside of the cell negative

57
Q

5.undershoot

A

sodium channels close, some potassium open, membrane returns to resting state

58
Q

refractory period

A

time when a second action potential cannot be activated

59
Q

conductance speed is increased in axons by

A

width

60
Q

myelin sheath

A

electrical insulation that surrounds axons

61
Q

myelin sheaths are produced by-

A

2 types of glia: oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

62
Q

slatatory conduction

A

the mechanism for action potential propagation

63
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • contain gap junctions

- allow electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another

64
Q

chemical synapses

A

release of a chemical neurotransmitters y presynaptic neuron which packages them in synaptic vesicles which then diffuses along synaptic cleft

65
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

also called an ionotropic receptor, in postsynaptic membrane; allows specific ions to diffuse

66
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

a depolarization which brings the membrane potential toward threshold caused by ligand-gated ion channel

67
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

ligand-gated ion channel when selective

68
Q

temporal summation

A

two EPSPs occur at a single synapse; they add together

69
Q

spatial summation

A

simultaneous ESPS produced at different synapses

70
Q

biogenic amines

A

neurotransmitters synthesized from amino acids; includes norpinephrine

71
Q

neuropeptides

A

relatively short chains of amino acids

72
Q

sleep

A

learning and memory

73
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal and sleep

74
Q

superchiasmatic nucleus

A

coordinates circadian rhythm, in hypothalamus

75
Q

emotions controlled by

A

limbic system

76
Q

amygdala

A

most important for emotion memory

AP Biology (13 decks)

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