51.2,3

Question 1

innate behavior+examples

Answer 1

behavior that is developmentally fixed: a fixed action pattern, a courtship stimulus-response chain and pheromone signalling

Question 2

fixed action pattern

Answer 2

a sequence of unlearned acts directly liked to a simple stimulus

Question 3

sign stimulus

Answer 3

the trigger for a fixed action pattern

Question 4

agnostic behavior:examples

Answer 4

an often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource,such as food or mates:kangaroo boxing

Question 5

territorial behavior

Answer 5

a behavior in which an animal defends a bound physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species

Question 6

learned behavior

Answer 6

behavior modification based on specific experiences

Question 7

social behavior/learning

Answer 7

modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals

Question 8

polygamy

Answer 8

polyandry and polygyny

Question 9

monogamy+examples

Answer 9

one male and one female:males and females difficult to distinguish:western gulls

Question 10

polygyny+examples

Answer 10

single male and many females:males are more ornamental:elk

Question 11

polyandry+examples

Answer 11

single females with many males:females more ornamental: Wilson’s phalaropes

Question 12

promiscuous

Answer 12

mating with no strong pair bonding

Question 13

certainty of paternity

Answer 13

whether the young are the father’s. the chances go up with external fertilization and if the male guards the female; the higher the chance, the higher the chance of paternal care

Question 14

cultural tradition

Answer 14

a system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population

Question 15

behavioral traits evolve through natural selection

Answer 15

because it increases finesses

Question 16

operant conditioning+examples

Answer 16

also called trial and error learning, an animal first learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior:B.F Skinner’s rats who learned to obtain food

Question 17

imprinting+triggers+example

Answer 17

the formation at a specific stage in life of long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object: unique because of sensitive period in which key characteristics trigger the imprinting response. stimulus in graylag geese is an object moving away from them

Question 18

altruistic behavior+example

Answer 18

behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population: belding’s ground squirrel alarms at the sight of a predator warning others but calling attention to itself

Question 19

classical conditioning

Answer 19

an arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome

Question 20

concept formation

Answer 20

learning

Question 21

crystalized song

Answer 21

when a sparrow matches its song to its remembered one

Question 22

mating pair bond

Answer 22

bonds between a mated pair

Question 23

migratory behavior

Answer 23

based on environmental cues

Question 24

optimal foraging model

Answer 24

natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits

Question 25

intake to expenditure

Answer 25

intake should be greater

Question 26

affect on foraging behavior

Answer 26

factors like predation

Question 27

sexual dimorphism

Answer 27

the extent to which males and females differ in appearance

Question 28

game theory

Answer 28

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the individuals involved think lizards

Question 29

cognition

Answer 29

the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.

Question 30

how can altruistic behavior develop

Answer 30

via inclusive fitness, indirect ways of proliferating genes