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AP Biology > Ch 14 > Flashcards

Ch 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Model for genetic transmission in the 1800s

A

“blending” hypothesis, like paint colors mixing

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2
Q

plant utilized by Mendel

A

pea plant

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3
Q

why did Mendel choose peas

A

they are available in many varieties, they have short generation time, have large numbers of offspring, and you can strictly control mating between individuals

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4
Q

a character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals such as flower color

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5
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers

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6
Q

reproductive organs of a pea plant

A

located in a flower, each plant has both pollen producing organs (stamens) and egg-producing organs (carpel), peas usually self-fertilize

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7
Q

which characters would Mendel only track

A

character that occurred in distinct, alternative forms, ex purple or white flowers

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8
Q

P

A

parental generation

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9
Q

F1

A

First filial generation offspring

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10
Q

true-breeding plants

A

self-pollinated over many generations, and had only produced the same variety as the parent plant, utilized by Mendel

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11
Q

hybridization

A

the crossing of two true breeding varieties

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12
Q

latin word for son

A

filial

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13
Q

F2

A

second filial generation

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14
Q

as for the size of his samples, Mendel usually kept them very

A

large

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15
Q

Dominant Pea traits

A

Purple flower, Axial flower, yellow seed, round seed, inflated pod, green pod, tall stem

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16
Q

Recessive Pea traits

A

White flower, terminal flower, green seed, wrinkled seed, constricted pod, yellow pod, dwarf stem

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17
Q

what Mendel called genes

A

heritable factor

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18
Q

four parts of Mendel’s model

A
  1. alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
  2. for each character, an organism inherits two copies of gene, one for from each parent
    3.if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism’s appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has not noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance
    4 (law of segregation) the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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19
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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20
Q

alternate versions of a gene

A

an allele

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21
Q

Punnett square

A

handy diagrammatic device for predicting alleles

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22
Q

homozygous

A

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character; breeds true

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23
Q

heterozygous

A

an organism that has 2 different alleles for a gene

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24
Q

phenotype

A

organism’s appearance or observable traits

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25
Q

genotype

A

organism’s genetic makeup

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26
Q

testcross

A

breeding organisms of unknown genotype

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27
Q

monohybrids

A

the F1 progeny produced in Mendel’s crosses of true-breeding parents, meaning that they were heterozygous for one particular character in the cross

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28
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between such heterozygous monohybrids

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29
Q

dihydbrid

A

an individual heterozygous for two characters being followed in a cross

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30
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross between F1 hybrids

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31
Q

key ratio in assortment in single allele

A

3:1

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32
Q

dependent assortment

A

genes connected

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33
Q

independent assortment

A

genes are unconnected

34
Q

dihybrid ratio

A

9:3:3:1

35
Q

law of independent assortment

A

each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

36
Q

when does the law of independent assortment only apply

A

genes (allele pairs) located on different chromosomes

37
Q

independent events

A

events not affected by previous events

38
Q

multiplication rule

A

to determine probability, we multiply the probability of one event (one coin coming up heads) by the probability of the other event (the other coin coming up heads)

39
Q

the addition rule

A

the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual properties

40
Q

in order to find probability in dihybrid crosses

A

find the probabilities of the individual characteristics and use the multiplication rule

41
Q

what di the rules of probability give us

A

the chance of various outcomes, cannot predict with certainty actual outcomes

42
Q

the larger the sample size

A

the closer the results will match the prediction

43
Q

one character dependent on more than one gene

A

pod shape; determined by two genes

44
Q

alleles can show different degrees of what

A

dominance and recessiveness

45
Q

complete dominance

A

the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

46
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither alleles is completely dominant, F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of two parent varieties

47
Q

codominance

A

two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

48
Q

codominance example in humans

A

M and N in blood cells , MM only M molecule, NN only N molecule, M and N both means both M and N molecules

49
Q

do dominant and recessive alleles actually interact

A

no, it just means one’s effects overpower another’s effects in the phenotype only, both still function

50
Q

is a gene dominant and recessive at all levels

A

no, its is subjective based on how deep you look, a gene may be dominant phenotypically, but codominant on the molecular level

51
Q

Tay Sachs

A

child must be homozygous, brain cells do not properly metabolize lipids, brain accumulates fats, child dies young, however is codominant on molecular level, recessive allele still produces faulty enzyme just counteracted by correct enzyme produced by dominant allele

52
Q

most genes exist in how many allele forms

A

more than 2

53
Q

alleles of ABO blood groups

A

IA-codominant with IB, IB-codominant with IA, i-recessive,O

54
Q

pleion

A

more in Greek

55
Q

pleiotrophy

A

most genes exist in more than 2 allele forms

56
Q

epistasis

A

Greek for standing upon: the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

57
Q

all epistatic interaction produce ratio variations of

A

9:3:3:1

58
Q

quantitative characters

A

characters vary in the population in graduations along a continuum

59
Q

quantitative variation usually indicates

A

polygenetic inheritance

60
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotrophy where a single gene affects several phenotypic characters)

61
Q

what else affects phenotype other than genotype

A

environmental factors

62
Q

norm of reaction

A

the range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences

63
Q

for some characters like blood type, the norm of reaction has

A

no breadth whatsoever; given genotype mandates specific phenotype

64
Q

multifactorial

A

characters that have many factors both genetic and environmental, collectively influencing phenotype

65
Q

phenotype

A

can refer to specific characters or all of its aspects

66
Q

genotype

A

can refer to alleles for a specific genetic locus or an organism’s entire genetic makeup

67
Q

what did Mendel call alleles

A

particles

68
Q

the human generation span is about

A

20 years

69
Q

why humans are bad for genetic research

A

the long human generation span, the ethicality of breeding people, humans produce relatively few offspring

70
Q

pedigree

A

family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations

71
Q

key for pedigree tree

A 
square=male
circle=female
colored in=affected by trait under study
#first born on the left and last on the right
72
Q

albinism is

A

recessive

73
Q

heterozygotes are called (in reference to their ability to pass a recessive trait onto their offspring)

A

carriers

74
Q

consanguineous mating

A

(same blood) when close relative mate, the probability of passing on recessive traits increases greatly

75
Q

recessive traits (distribution)

A

not evenly, often pockets of higher frequency

76
Q

the most common lethal genetic disease

A

cystic fibrosis-chloride transport channels absent, resulting mucus builds up, lead to poor nutrient absorption of nutrients from the intestines, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections.

77
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

most common among people of African descent, misshapen red blood cells

78
Q

achondroplasia

A

dominant allele dwarfism

79
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

degenerative disease of the nervous system which lays dormant until the middle of one’s life

80
Q

processes that can detect Tay-Sachs Disease or other genetic disorders

A

amniocentesis, takes amniotic fluid from embryo to look for certain molecules
ultrasound and fetoscopy
new method for finding escaped fetal cells in mother’s blood
or chorionic villus sampling, sucks out tiny parts of the placenta

81
Q

fetoscopy

A

needle- thin tube inserted into uterus which contains a viewing scope and fiber optics

82
Q

PKU

A

treatable with special diet, cannot metabolize phenylpruvate, accumulates in blood and causes disability

AP Biology (13 decks)

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