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Biochemistry 304 > CH4 DNA, RNA, Flow of Genetic Info P1 > Flashcards

CH4 DNA, RNA, Flow of Genetic Info P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

flow of genetic info

DNA to RNA to proteins.

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2
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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3
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein

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4
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

long linear polymers

made from 4 monomer types

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5
Q

Monomer

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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6
Q

What is the info content of nucleic acid?

A

seq of bases

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7
Q

How to DNA and RNA differ?

A

sugar component

one of the bases

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8
Q

What is the sugar component of DNA?

A

deoxyribose

2’-OH replaced w/ H

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9
Q

What is the sugar component of RNA?

A

ribose

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10
Q

RNA stands for?

A

ribonucleic acid

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11
Q

DNA stands for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

The backbone of DNA / RNA consist of?

A

sugars linked by phosphodiester bridges

3’-OH of one sugar to the 5’OH on adjacent sugar.

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13
Q

Which atom are bases attached to in sugar?

A

1’-C

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14
Q

Purines

A

one type of base
adenine
guanine

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15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

one type of base
cytosine
thymine
uracil (RNA - replaces T)

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16
Q

Uracil

A

changes DNA to RNA in cytosol (cytoplasm)

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17
Q

How does the backbone differ btw DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - H group

RNA - OH group

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18
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomeric units of nucleic acids

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19
Q

Nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base bound to sugar

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20
Q

DNA Nucleosides

A

deoxyadenosine
deoxyguanosine
deoxycytidine
deoxythymidine

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21
Q

RNA Nucleosides

A 
adenosine
guanine
cytidine
uridine
(thymidine - rarely happens)
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22
Q

beta-glycosidic bond

A

sugar C’-1 to
N-9 of purine
N-1 of pyrimidine

23
Q

Nucleotide

A

nucleoside with 1+ phosphoryl groups

24
Q

Nucleoside Triphosphates

A

building blocks of DNA and RNA

25
Q

What are some examples of nucleotides?

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

ADP - adenosine diphosphate

26
Q

How are nucleic acid chains abbreviated?

A

pApGpCpT
pAGCT
AGCT

27
Q

How does a nucleic acid chain have directionality?

A

2 diff ends.
phosphoryl group at 5’-C of sugar
free OH at 3’-C of sugar

28
Q

How are nucleic acids typically written?

A

left to right

5’ to 3’

29
Q

Indian Muntjac

A

type of deer
largest known chromosome
> 1 billion nucleotides long

30
Q

Double-Helical Structure

A

pair of nucleic acid strands w/ complementary seq’s

31
Q

How is the double helix stabilized?

A

H-bonds

van der Waals

32
Q

One strand determines the seq of it’s partner strands in the double helix because?

A

base pairing rules
A-T
G-C

33
Q

How are daughter strands of DNA generated?

A

double helix - 2 strands separate and their complementary seq’s are synthesized (from 3’ to 5’)

34
Q

Watson-Crick Double-Helical DNA Model

A 
Adj. bases sep'd by 3.4A
Vertical intervals of 34A
~10 nucleotides on each chain
36 degree rotation per base
bases stacked on top of e/o
35
Q

4 Points of the Watson-Crick Model of DNA

A 
1. 2 helical antiparallel polynucleotide strands are coiled, common axis in right-handed helix.
2.
Outside - sugar-phosphate backbones.
Inside - purine / pyrimidine bases.
3. bases ~ perpendicular to helix axis.
4. measurements (A) of helix determined.
36
Q

Base-Stacking Interactions

A

reference to van der Waals forces that stabilize DNA

37
Q

B Form (Watson-Crick helix)

A

most common form of DNA double helix
bases perpendicular to helix axis
sugar in C-2’-endo configuration

38
Q

A Form

A

form of double helix.
shorter, wider, bases at an angle to helix axis.
sugar in C-3’-endo conformation (puckering).
seen in RNA double helices, RNA DNA hybrid helices.

39
Q

Which structures are observed in transcription and RNA processing?

A

RNA double helices

RNA-DNA hybrid helices

40
Q

Z-DNA

A

form of double helix
left-handed
zigzagged backbone

41
Q

Supercoiling

A

when the circular DNA double helix is twisted into a superhelix

42
Q

Relaxed circular DNA and the superhelix form are?

A

topological isomers.

43
Q

Stem-Loop

A

common structural motif seen in NA’s (mostly in RNA).

Complementary seq’s in same strand form double helix.

44
Q

Which pairs occur frequently in RNA?

A

non-Watson-Crick bp’s

45
Q

What stabilize an elaborate NA structure?

A

Mg2+ ions

46
Q

The double helix facilitates?

A

accurate transmission of hereditary info

47
Q

Why does one strand determine the seq of its partner strand?

A

base-pairing rules

48
Q

How are daughter strands gen’d?

A

double helical strands are separated, their complementary seq’s synthesized

49
Q

What type of strands do daughter helices have?

A

parent

newly synthesized

50
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

replication process of daughter strands

51
Q

Semiconservative Replication Hypothesis

A

Meselson and Stahl
Grew bacteria in growth media supplemented w/ ^15N.
Shifted to growth media w ^14N as N source.
Density gradient centrifugation est’d that the shift in medium had synthesized DNA w/ (=) parts ^15N-DNA and 14N-DNA.
Consistent w/ semiconservative replication.

52
Q

Which Isotope is heavier in the Semiconservative Replication?

A

^15N

53
Q

Density-Gradient Centrifugation can distinguish btw DNA that contains?

A

^15N and ^14N

Biochemistry 304 (14 decks)

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