CH4 DNA, RNA, Flow of Genetic Info P1

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

flow of genetic info

DNA to RNA to proteins.

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

DNA to RNA

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

RNA to Protein

Question 4

Nucleic Acids

Answer 4

long linear polymers

made from 4 monomer types

Question 5

Monomer

Answer 5

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Question 6

What is the info content of nucleic acid?

Answer 6

seq of bases

Question 7

How to DNA and RNA differ?

Answer 7

sugar component

one of the bases

Question 8

What is the sugar component of DNA?

Answer 8

deoxyribose

2’-OH replaced w/ H

Question 9

What is the sugar component of RNA?

Answer 9

ribose

Question 10

RNA stands for?

Answer 10

ribonucleic acid

Question 11

DNA stands for?

Answer 11

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 12

The backbone of DNA / RNA consist of?

Answer 12

sugars linked by phosphodiester bridges

3’-OH of one sugar to the 5’OH on adjacent sugar.

Question 13

Which atom are bases attached to in sugar?

Answer 13

1’-C

Question 14

Purines

Answer 14

one type of base
adenine
guanine

Question 15

Pyrimidines

Answer 15

one type of base
cytosine
thymine
uracil (RNA - replaces T)

Question 16

Uracil

Answer 16

changes DNA to RNA in cytosol (cytoplasm)

Question 17

How does the backbone differ btw DNA and RNA?

Answer 17

DNA - H group

RNA - OH group

Question 18

Nucleotides

Answer 18

monomeric units of nucleic acids

Question 19

Nucleoside

Answer 19

nitrogenous base bound to sugar

Question 20

DNA Nucleosides

Answer 20

deoxyadenosine
deoxyguanosine
deoxycytidine
deoxythymidine

Question 21

RNA Nucleosides

Answer 21

adenosine
guanine
cytidine
uridine
(thymidine - rarely happens)

Question 22

beta-glycosidic bond

Answer 22

sugar C’-1 to
N-9 of purine
N-1 of pyrimidine

Question 23

Nucleotide

Answer 23

nucleoside with 1+ phosphoryl groups

Question 24

Nucleoside Triphosphates

Answer 24

building blocks of DNA and RNA

Question 25

What are some examples of nucleotides?

Answer 25

ATP - adenosine triphosphate | ADP - adenosine diphosphate

Question 26

How are nucleic acid chains abbreviated?

Answer 26

pApGpCpT pAGCT AGCT

Question 27

How does a nucleic acid chain have directionality?

Answer 27

2 diff ends. phosphoryl group at 5'-C of sugar free OH at 3'-C of sugar

Question 28

How are nucleic acids typically written?

Answer 28

left to right | 5' to 3'

Question 29

Indian Muntjac

Answer 29

type of deer largest known chromosome > 1 billion nucleotides long

Question 30

Double-Helical Structure

Answer 30

pair of nucleic acid strands w/ complementary seq's

Question 31

How is the double helix stabilized?

Answer 31

H-bonds | van der Waals

Question 32

One strand determines the seq of it's partner strands in the double helix because?

Answer 32

base pairing rules A-T G-C

Question 33

How are daughter strands of DNA generated?

Answer 33

double helix - 2 strands separate and their complementary seq's are synthesized (from 3' to 5')

Question 34

Watson-Crick Double-Helical DNA Model

Answer 34

``` Adj. bases sep'd by 3.4A Vertical intervals of 34A ~10 nucleotides on each chain 36 degree rotation per base bases stacked on top of e/o ```

Question 35

4 Points of the Watson-Crick Model of DNA

Answer 35

``` 1. 2 helical antiparallel polynucleotide strands are coiled, common axis in right-handed helix. 2. Outside - sugar-phosphate backbones. Inside - purine / pyrimidine bases. 3. bases ~ perpendicular to helix axis. 4. measurements (A) of helix determined. ```

Question 36

Base-Stacking Interactions

Answer 36

reference to van der Waals forces that stabilize DNA

Question 37

B Form (Watson-Crick helix)

Answer 37

most common form of DNA double helix bases perpendicular to helix axis sugar in C-2’-endo configuration

Question 38

A Form

Answer 38

form of double helix. shorter, wider, bases at an angle to helix axis. sugar in C-3’-endo conformation (puckering). seen in RNA double helices, RNA DNA hybrid helices.

Question 39

Which structures are observed in transcription and RNA processing?

Answer 39

RNA double helices | RNA-DNA hybrid helices

Question 40

Z-DNA

Answer 40

form of double helix left-handed zigzagged backbone

Question 41

Supercoiling

Answer 41

when the circular DNA double helix is twisted into a superhelix

Question 42

Relaxed circular DNA and the superhelix form are?

Answer 42

topological isomers.

Question 43

Stem-Loop

Answer 43

common structural motif seen in NA's (mostly in RNA). | Complementary seq's in same strand form double helix.

Question 44

Which pairs occur frequently in RNA?

Answer 44

non-Watson-Crick bp's

Question 45

What stabilize an elaborate NA structure?

Answer 45

Mg2+ ions

Question 46

The double helix facilitates?

Answer 46

accurate transmission of hereditary info

Question 47

Why does one strand determine the seq of its partner strand?

Answer 47

base-pairing rules

Question 48

How are daughter strands gen'd?

Answer 48

double helical strands are separated, their complementary seq's synthesized

Question 49

What type of strands do daughter helices have?

Answer 49

parent | newly synthesized

Question 50

Semiconservative Replication

Answer 50

replication process of daughter strands

Question 51

Semiconservative Replication Hypothesis

Answer 51

Meselson and Stahl Grew bacteria in growth media supplemented w/ ^15N. Shifted to growth media w ^14N as N source. Density gradient centrifugation est'd that the shift in medium had synthesized DNA w/ (=) parts ^15N-DNA and 14N-DNA. Consistent w/ semiconservative replication.

Question 52

Which Isotope is heavier in the Semiconservative Replication?

Answer 52

^15N

Question 53

Density-Gradient Centrifugation can distinguish btw DNA that contains?

Answer 53

^15N and ^14N