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Biochemistry 304 > CH 11 Carbohydrates P2 > Flashcards

CH 11 Carbohydrates P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What protects newborns from infection?

A

human milk oligosaccharides

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2
Q

How many oligosaccharides are there in human milk?

A

150 (amount / comp vary per woman)

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3
Q

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that help infants in?

A

protection against bacterial infection

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4
Q

What can oligosaccharides prevent the growth of?

A

Streptococcus bacteria

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5
Q

Streptococcus bacteria can be transferred to infant via, and cause?

A

vaginal epithelium

pneumonia, blood poisoning, meningitis

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6
Q

Glycoproteins

A

when carbs are linked to proteins
mainly protein by weight
membrane proteins
variety of roles

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7
Q

3 Main Classes of Glycoproteins

A
  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Mucins / Mucoproteins
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8
Q

Proteoglycans

A

attached to polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (make up 95% of this)
mainly carb by weight
structural role, lubricant.

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9
Q

Mucins / Mucoproteins

A

characteristically attached by N-acetylgalactosamine.
mainly carb by weight.
Lubricants.
glycoprotein component of mucus.

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10
Q

What link carbohydrates to proteins?

A

Asparagine (N-linked) or

Serine / Threonine (O-linked) residues

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11
Q

In all glycoproteins carbs are attached to which atoms?

A

N in side chain asparagine (N-linkage)

O in side chain of serine / threonine (O-linkage)

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12
Q

All N-linked polysaccharides have a common?

A

pentasaccharide core

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13
Q

A pentasaccharide core consists of?

A

3 mannoses

2 N-acetylglucosamine units

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14
Q

Glycosidic bonds occur btw?

A

proteins and carbs

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15
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

links carb to side chain of asparagine (N-linked) or side chain of serine / threonine (O-linked)

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16
Q

Erythropoietin

A 
glycoprotein
vital hormone
40% carb by weight
secreted by kidney into blood
stimulates prod of RBC's
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17
Q

Glycosylation of Erythropoietin enhances?

A

stability of protein in the blood

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18
Q

What are the oligosaccharides linked to in Erythropoietin?

A

3 asparagine residues

1 serine residue

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19
Q

Glycosylation functions in?

A

nutrient sensing

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20
Q

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) attaches to which residues via which enzyme?

A

serine / threonine

GlcNAc transferase or GlcNAcase

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21
Q

GlcNAc

A

modifies protein

attached to protein when nutrients are abundant

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22
Q

GlcNAcase

A

reversible
removes carb
improper reg –> pathological cond’s

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23
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A 
repeating units of disaccharide
1 derivative of amino sugar
1 carries ( - ) charge as carboxylate / sulfate
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24
Q

Proteoglycans are key components of?

A

ECM

lubricants

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25
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses (ex Hurler Disease)

A

pathological cond’s

result from inability to degrade proteoglycans

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26
Q

Hurler Disease

A

glycosaminoglycans cannot be degraded
excess stored in soft tissue of facial regions
wide nostrils, depressed nasal bridge, thick lips / earlobes / irregular teeth.

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27
Q

Proteoglycans are important components of?

A

cartilage

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28
Q

Cartilage

A

proteoglycan aggrecan and protein collagen

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29
Q

What cushions joints by releasing water on impact and then rebinding water?

A

glycosaminoglycan component of aggrecan

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30
Q

Proteoglycan structure from cartilage is?

A

proteoglycan monomers emerge laterally at reg intervals from opp sides of central filament hyaluronate

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31
Q

Chitin

A

glycosaminoglycan
in insects wings
in insects, crustaceans, arachnids exoskeleton

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32
Q

What is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?

A

chitin

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33
Q

The protein component in mucin are?

A

extensively glycosylated to serine / threonine residues w/ 1st carb N-acetylgalactosamin

34
Q

Region: VNTR - Variable Number Tandem Repeats

A

site of glycosylation
highly glycosylated - forces molecule into extended conformation
region of protein backbone rich in serines / threonines.

35
Q

Functions of Mucins

A
  1. lubricants, adhere to epithelial cells - protective barrier.
  2. overproduced in cond’s - bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, adenocarcinomas (cancer of glandular cells - epithelial origin)
36
Q

Where is the VNTR located?

A

mucin btw Cys rich domains

37
Q

Cys-rich Domain and D domain

A

in mucin

facilitate polymerization of many molecules

38
Q

Processed Chitin

A

carrier - assist in drug delivery (surgical stiches) component of personal care products, additive in food products.

39
Q

Chitin to Chitosan

A

water soluble to insoluble.
demineralization.
treat w/ protease to remove proteins.

40
Q

Depigmentation of Chitin

A

dissolve carotenoids.

deacylated.

41
Q

Protein glycosylation takes place where?

A

lumen of ER.

Golgi complex.

42
Q

N-linked glycosylation begins in the _____ and continues into the _____.

A

ER.

Golgi complex.

43
Q

O-linked glycosylation takes place in the?

A

Golgi complex

44
Q

Golgi Complex

A

sorting center for proteins (various fates)

45
Q

Dolichol Phosphate

A

isoprene derivative.

carries lg oligosaccharides - attach to Asp.

46
Q

Enzymes responsible for oligosaccharide assembly are?

A

glycosyltransferases

47
Q

Glycosyltransferases

A

catalyze formation of glycosidic bonds

48
Q

Monosaccharide substrates for glycosyltransferases are activated by?

A

attachment to uridine diphosphate (UDP)

49
Q

Blood groups are based on?

A

glycosylation patterns

50
Q

Human ABO Blood Groups

A

reflect specificity of glycosyltransferases

51
Q

All blood groups share?

A

oligosaccharide foundation: O

52
Q

A form

A

created when N-acetylgalactosamine added to O by specific glycosyltransferase

53
Q

B form

A

created when galactose added by another transferase

54
Q

Blood Type: O

A

lack both enzymes

55
Q

Blood Type: AB

A

express both enzymes

56
Q

Blood Type A or B:

A

express only one enzyme

one capable of creating that oligosaccharide

57
Q

I-cell Disease (Mucolipidosis II)

A

lysosomal enzymes secreted into blood rather than to lysosome

58
Q

I-cell disease results in?

A

mutation.
disrupts digestion process in lysosomes.
lysosomes have lg inclusions of undigested glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids.
carb doesn’t direct key enzymes to lysosome, not synthesized properly.

59
Q

What happens to the digestive enzymes in I-cell Disease?

A

synthesized.

sent to blood / urine.

60
Q

Patients w/ I-cell Disease lack the ability to?

A

phosphorylate mannose to create mannose 6-phosphate

61
Q

How are oligosaccharides seq’d?

A

enzymes that cleave specific glycosidic bonds

62
Q

MALDI-TOF - Oligosaccharides

A

used to identify released sugars

63
Q

Lectins

A

specific carb-binding proteins.

64
Q

Lectins are a particular class of?

A

glycan-binding proteins specific to oligosaccharides on cell surface

65
Q

Lectin Classes

A

C-type

L-Lectins

66
Q

C-type Lectins

A

Ca2+ ion facilitates interaction btw protein and carb

67
Q

Selectins

A

member of C-type Lectin.
bind immune-system cells to sites of injury.
inflammatory response.

68
Q

L-Selectine

A

member of C-type Lectin.

allow attachment of embryo to uterus.

69
Q

L-Lectin

A

chaperones (assist in protein folding).
in eukaryotic ER.
some in potent insectisides.

70
Q

Influenza Virus

A

binds to sialic acid residues.

71
Q

How do many pathogens gain entry into cells?

A

binding to carbs on cell surface

72
Q

Influenza Virus Process

A
  1. recognizes sialic acid residues linked to galactose residues on cell surface of glycoproteins.
  2. viral protein hemagglutinin (lectin) binds to sugars.
73
Q

How does Influenza spread?

A

when viral protein neuraminidase (sialidase) cleaves glycosidic bonds btw sialic acids residues and rest of cellular glycoprotein.
frees virus to infect new cells.

74
Q

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

A

Tamiflu

Relenza

75
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum

A

parasitic protozoan.
causes malaria.
relies on glycan binding to infect, colonize host.

76
Q

𝛂-Glucosidase (Maltase) Inhibitors

A

help maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

medications exist to inhibit this enzyme.

77
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

advanced glycation product.
type 1 diabetes (absent insulin).
type 2 diabetes (ineffective insulin)

78
Q

Glycogen Digestion and Starch

A

degradation into smaller oligosaccharides by α-amylase.

further digested by α-glucosidase.

79
Q

α-amylase

A

secreted by salivary glands and pancreas

80
Q

Competitive inhibitors of the enzyme α-glucosidase are?

A

acarbose and miglitol.

taken at meal start to reduce post-meal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes.

Biochemistry 304 (14 decks)

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