CH4 Flashcards
instrumental
use of language to obtain what you need or desire
regulatory
use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others
informative
use of language to communicate information or report facts
informative
use of language to communicate information or report facts
heuristic
use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding
interactional
use of language to establish and define social relationships
personal language
use of language to express individuality and personality
imaginative
use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively
grammar
the structural rules that govern the generation of meaning in a language
phonology
the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning
syntax
the rules that govern word order
semantics
the study of meaning
denotative meaning
the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word
denotative meaning
the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word
connotative meaning
the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word
pragmatics
field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals
speech act theory
branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words
dialect
a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
lexical choice
vocabulary
cohort effect
the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period
African American Vernacular English
a version of English that has its roots in West African, Caribbean, and U.S. slave languages
code switching
the practice of changing language or dialect to accommodate to the communication situation
jargon
the specialized terms that develop in many professions
nominalists
those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker’s perception of the world
relativists
those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but “is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual’s mental activity”
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world (a relativist perspective)
cocultural theory
explores the role of power in daily interactions
androcentrism
the use of male experience as normative for humanity and female experience as emphasizing gender difference
hate speech
use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category
disconfirming communication
comments that reject or invalidate a positive or negative self-image of our conversational partners
confirming communication
comments that validate positive self-images of others
