CH4

Question 1

instrumental

Answer 1

use of language to obtain what you need or desire

Question 2

regulatory

Answer 2

use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others

Question 3

informative

Answer 3

use of language to communicate information or report facts

Question 4

informative

Answer 4

use of language to communicate information or report facts

Question 5

heuristic

Answer 5

use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding

Question 6

interactional

Answer 6

use of language to establish and define social relationships

Question 7

personal language

Answer 7

use of language to express individuality and personality

Question 8

imaginative

Answer 8

use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively

Question 9

grammar

Answer 9

the structural rules that govern the generation of meaning in a language

Question 10

phonology

Answer 10

the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning

Question 11

syntax

Answer 11

the rules that govern word order

Question 12

semantics

Answer 12

the study of meaning

Question 13

denotative meaning

Answer 13

the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word

Question 14

denotative meaning

Answer 14

the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word

Question 15

connotative meaning

Answer 15

the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word

Question 16

pragmatics

Answer 16

field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals

Question 17

speech act theory

Answer 17

branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words

Question 18

dialect

Answer 18

a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

Question 19

lexical choice

Answer 19

vocabulary

Question 20

cohort effect

Answer 20

the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period

Question 21

African American Vernacular English

Answer 21

a version of English that has its roots in West African, Caribbean, and U.S. slave languages

Question 22

code switching

Answer 22

the practice of changing language or dialect to accommodate to the communication situation

Question 23

jargon

Answer 23

the specialized terms that develop in many professions

Question 24

nominalists

Answer 24

those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker’s perception of the world

Question 25

relativists

Answer 25

those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but “is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual’s mental activity”

Question 26

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 26

idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world (a relativist perspective)

Question 27

cocultural theory

Answer 27

explores the role of power in daily interactions

Question 28

androcentrism

Answer 28

the use of male experience as normative for humanity and female experience as emphasizing gender difference

Question 29

hate speech

Answer 29

use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category

Question 30

disconfirming communication

Answer 30

comments that reject or invalidate a positive or negative self-image of our conversational partners

Question 31

confirming communication

Answer 31

comments that validate positive self-images of others