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Biology > Ch36: The Skeleton And The Muscles > Flashcards

Ch36: The Skeleton And The Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A

-Support and shape
-Protection
-Movement
-Makes blood components

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2
Q

How many bones in the human body and the two types of skeletons.

A

206
Axial- Skull, spine, ribcage
appendicular- pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle, limbs

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3
Q

Describe the skull

A

-20 bones fused together
-Made up of cranium and upper and lower jaws manidble)

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4
Q

Describe the spine

A

-Made of 33 vertebrae (form a protective tube around the spinal chord, separated by discs of cartilage)

Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumber-5
Sacrum-5
Coccyx- 4 fused together

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5
Q

Describe the structure and function of cartilage

A

-Hard outer layer and soft jelly-like centre

-Function: shock absorbers to protect vertebrae

-Soft centre of the disc can bulge out and press on spinal nerves to cause pain (called slipped disk)

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6
Q

Name the parts of a diagram for a typical vertebra

A

-Neural spine (muscular attachment)
-Transverse process (muscular attachment)
-Neural canal (conatins spinal chord)
-Centrum (gives strength)
-Facet (where next vertebra rotates against

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the rib cage

A

-Consists of sternum and 12 pair of ribs
-All ribs are attached to the spine
-top7 ribs attached to breastbone (true ribs)
-Next 3 attached to rib 7 (false ribs)
-Bottom 2 are only attached to spine (floating ribs)

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8
Q

Describe the pectoral and pelvic girdle

A

Pectoral: Consists of the clavicle and scapula
Pelvic: Composed of two halves of the hip joined to the sacrum

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9
Q

Describe the limbs

A

-Phalanges are individual bones in fingers and toes (3 phalanges each except 2 for thumbs)

-Humans and great apes have opposable thumbs which gives much better grip

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10
Q

Name th parts of the skeleton

A

Skull
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerous
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalange
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Sternum
Ribs
Spine
Coccyx

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11
Q

Cartilage:
1. Made of?
2. Found in?
3. Function?

A
  1. Contains a fibrous protein called collagen
  2. Found in ear, nose, trachea, between vertebrae and at the end of bones
  3. Acts as a shock absorbers and orevents friction
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12
Q

Describe the external structure of bones plus parts of diagram

A

-Covered by a tough fibrous membrane called periosteum

-Cartilage periosteum epiphysis diaphysis

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13
Q

Describe the internal structure of bones

A

-Compact bone
-Spongy bone
-Medullary cavity

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the compact bone

A

-Consists of living cells embedded in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
-Has blood vessels and nerves
-Found in diaphysis and as a layer around epiphysis
-Salts give strength and collagen gives flexibility

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15
Q

Describe the structure of spongy bone

A

-Contains numerous hollows
-Young people: Medullary cavity contains red marrow which makes blood components
-Adults: medullary cavity contains inactive, yellow, fat-rich marrow
-Yellow marrow stores fat

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16
Q

What is an osteoblast?
What is an osteoclast?

A

Osteoblast: bone-forming cell
Osteoclast: bone-digesting cell (forms new bone to replace bone that is destroyed

17
Q

What is a growth plate?

A

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis in a long bone in which growth occurs

18
Q

Describe the structure of the growth plate/how it works

A

-Made of cartilage
-Osteoblasts produce collagen
-Hard compound (mostly calcium phosphate) forms around collagen
-Osteoblasts are trapped in this and are dormant bone cells
-Cartilage is continually made and ossified
-Growth plate ceases to function at adulthood

19
Q

Describe the process of bone development

A

-Osteoclasts move into medullary cavity, digest bone lining the cavity and deposit it in the blood
-Osteoclasts are catabolic cells

20
Q

Describe the process of bone renewal

A

-Depends on hormones, physical activity and diet
-Bones become thicker when stressed by physical activity because the osteoblasts are stimulated
-Growth hormones and sex hormones increase the size of bones

21
Q

Explain why bones must be destroyed and renewed

A

-Removal of bone from medullary cavity prevents bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger
-Osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to enlarge the medullary cavity and thicken compact bone

22
Q

What is osteoporosis and osteom alacia? Differences?

A

Osteoporosis: loss of protein (collagen) material from bone. Causes bones to be brittle

Osteomalacia: Loss of minerals (calcium) from bone due to lack of vitamin D

23
Q

Definition of Joint and name 2 types of joints and examples
-Types of synovial joints

A

Joint: Where two or more bones meet

Immovable- bones are fused e.g. skull
Partially movable- bones slide over each other, connected by ligaments, e.g. wrist, knee

Ball and socket- allows movement in all directions
Hinge- Allows movement in one direction only

24
Q

Definition of:
1. Synovial fluid
2. Ligaments
3. Tendons

A
  1. Produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction
  2. Connects bone to bone
  3. Connects muscle to bone
25
Q

Name the labels of diagram of an example of a joint

A

-Ligament
-Cartilage
-Synovial membrane
-Synovial fluid

26
Q

Describe the structure of muscles and how they work with the skeletal system

A

-Consist of elongated cells arranged in bundles and enclosed in connective tissue

-Energy (ATP) is required for muscle contraction, not relaxation
-Muscles can only contract, not expand
-Extensor opens joint (tricep)
-Flexor closes joint (bicep)

27
Q

Name and explain the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle: striped appearance, voluntary control

Smooth muscle: Found in internal structures (blood vessels), involuntary control

Cardiac muscle: Has many mitochondria, does not tire, involuntary

28
Q

What is an antagonistic pair and an example?

A

-Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other
-E.g. bicep and tricep

29
Q

Name a musculoskeletal disorder and the types

A

Arthritis is a disorder that results from inflammation of a joint

-Osteoarthritis: cartilage in joints wearing down, causes bones to enlarge and more synovial fluid to form

-Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membranes

30
Q

How to prevent and treat arthritis?

A

Prevent by reducing damage to joints
-Avoid running on hard surfaces
-Proper runners during exercise
-Walking/swimming instead of running

Treatment
-No cure
-Anti-inflammatories & steroids help reduce inflammation
-Surgery may be needed to replace joint

Biology (12 decks)

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