Ch36: The Skeleton And The Muscles Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton
-Support and shape
-Protection
-Movement
-Makes blood components
How many bones in the human body and the two types of skeletons.
206
Axial- Skull, spine, ribcage
appendicular- pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle, limbs
Describe the skull
-20 bones fused together
-Made up of cranium and upper and lower jaws manidble)
Describe the spine
-Made of 33 vertebrae (form a protective tube around the spinal chord, separated by discs of cartilage)
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumber-5
Sacrum-5
Coccyx- 4 fused together
Describe the structure and function of cartilage
-Hard outer layer and soft jelly-like centre
-Function: shock absorbers to protect vertebrae
-Soft centre of the disc can bulge out and press on spinal nerves to cause pain (called slipped disk)
Name the parts of a diagram for a typical vertebra
-Neural spine (muscular attachment)
-Transverse process (muscular attachment)
-Neural canal (conatins spinal chord)
-Centrum (gives strength)
-Facet (where next vertebra rotates against
Describe the structure of the rib cage
-Consists of sternum and 12 pair of ribs
-All ribs are attached to the spine
-top7 ribs attached to breastbone (true ribs)
-Next 3 attached to rib 7 (false ribs)
-Bottom 2 are only attached to spine (floating ribs)
Describe the pectoral and pelvic girdle
Pectoral: Consists of the clavicle and scapula
Pelvic: Composed of two halves of the hip joined to the sacrum
Describe the limbs
-Phalanges are individual bones in fingers and toes (3 phalanges each except 2 for thumbs)
-Humans and great apes have opposable thumbs which gives much better grip
Name th parts of the skeleton
Skull
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerous
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalange
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Sternum
Ribs
Spine
Coccyx
Cartilage:
1. Made of?
2. Found in?
3. Function?
- Contains a fibrous protein called collagen
- Found in ear, nose, trachea, between vertebrae and at the end of bones
- Acts as a shock absorbers and orevents friction
Describe the external structure of bones plus parts of diagram
-Covered by a tough fibrous membrane called periosteum
-Cartilage periosteum epiphysis diaphysis
Describe the internal structure of bones
-Compact bone
-Spongy bone
-Medullary cavity
Describe the structure of the compact bone
-Consists of living cells embedded in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
-Has blood vessels and nerves
-Found in diaphysis and as a layer around epiphysis
-Salts give strength and collagen gives flexibility
Describe the structure of spongy bone
-Contains numerous hollows
-Young people: Medullary cavity contains red marrow which makes blood components
-Adults: medullary cavity contains inactive, yellow, fat-rich marrow
-Yellow marrow stores fat
What is an osteoblast?
What is an osteoclast?
Osteoblast: bone-forming cell
Osteoclast: bone-digesting cell (forms new bone to replace bone that is destroyed
What is a growth plate?
Area between epiphysis and diaphysis in a long bone in which growth occurs
Describe the structure of the growth plate/how it works
-Made of cartilage
-Osteoblasts produce collagen
-Hard compound (mostly calcium phosphate) forms around collagen
-Osteoblasts are trapped in this and are dormant bone cells
-Cartilage is continually made and ossified
-Growth plate ceases to function at adulthood
Describe the process of bone development
-Osteoclasts move into medullary cavity, digest bone lining the cavity and deposit it in the blood
-Osteoclasts are catabolic cells
Describe the process of bone renewal
-Depends on hormones, physical activity and diet
-Bones become thicker when stressed by physical activity because the osteoblasts are stimulated
-Growth hormones and sex hormones increase the size of bones
Explain why bones must be destroyed and renewed
-Removal of bone from medullary cavity prevents bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger
-Osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to enlarge the medullary cavity and thicken compact bone
What is osteoporosis and osteom alacia? Differences?
Osteoporosis: loss of protein (collagen) material from bone. Causes bones to be brittle
Osteomalacia: Loss of minerals (calcium) from bone due to lack of vitamin D
Definition of Joint and name 2 types of joints and examples
-Types of synovial joints
Joint: Where two or more bones meet
Immovable- bones are fused e.g. skull
Partially movable- bones slide over each other, connected by ligaments, e.g. wrist, knee
Ball and socket- allows movement in all directions
Hinge- Allows movement in one direction only
Definition of:
1. Synovial fluid
2. Ligaments
3. Tendons
- Produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction
- Connects bone to bone
- Connects muscle to bone
Name the labels of diagram of an example of a joint
-Ligament
-Cartilage
-Synovial membrane
-Synovial fluid
Describe the structure of muscles and how they work with the skeletal system
-Consist of elongated cells arranged in bundles and enclosed in connective tissue
-Energy (ATP) is required for muscle contraction, not relaxation
-Muscles can only contract, not expand
-Extensor opens joint (tricep)
-Flexor closes joint (bicep)
Name and explain the 3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscle: striped appearance, voluntary control
Smooth muscle: Found in internal structures (blood vessels), involuntary control
Cardiac muscle: Has many mitochondria, does not tire, involuntary
What is an antagonistic pair and an example?
-Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other
-E.g. bicep and tricep
Name a musculoskeletal disorder and the types
Arthritis is a disorder that results from inflammation of a joint
-Osteoarthritis: cartilage in joints wearing down, causes bones to enlarge and more synovial fluid to form
-Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membranes
How to prevent and treat arthritis?
Prevent by reducing damage to joints
-Avoid running on hard surfaces
-Proper runners during exercise
-Walking/swimming instead of running
Treatment
-No cure
-Anti-inflammatories & steroids help reduce inflammation
-Surgery may be needed to replace joint
