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Biology > Ch28: Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch28: Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Makes their own food

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2
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Take in food from the environment

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3
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A heterotroph that feeds on live sources

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4
Q

What is a saprophyte?

A

A heterotroph that feeds on dead matter

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5
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants

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6
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

Animals that feed mainly on other animals

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7
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

Animals that feed on both plants and animals

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8
Q

Other names for digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal or gut

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9
Q

Why do organisms need to digest food?

A

-Energy
-Growth and repair
-Metabolic reactions

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10
Q

Why do we need the digestive system?

A

So that digestive enzymes are not needed in every cell in the body, like tapeworms

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11
Q

Name and explain the four processes involved in the digestive system

A

-Ingestion: taking in food
-Digestion: breakdown of food
-Absorption: food passes into blood
-Egestion: removal of undigested food

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12
Q

Name the types of teeth and their functions

A

-Incisors: for cutting and slicing
-Canines: for gripping and tearing
-Premolars: for crushing and grinding
-Molars: for crushing and grinding

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13
Q

How many teeth does an adult human have and write the Dental formula

A

32 teeth

2(I 22, C 11, P 22, M 33)

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14
Q

Name and explain the two types of digestion in the mouth

A

-Chemical digestion: action of the enzyme, amylase, breaking down food

-Mechanical digestion: chewing and grinding action of teeth breaks down food

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15
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

Water, salts, lysozyme (destroys bacteria) and amylase

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16
Q

Amylase:
1. Production site
2. Activity site
3. Substrate
4. Product
5. Optimum pH

A
  1. Salivary glands/ Pancreas
  2. Mouth/Duodenum
  3. Starch
  4. Maltose
  5. pH7
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17
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

A flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea to ensure food passes into the oesophagus

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18
Q

Function of oesophagus?

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis

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19
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A wave of muscular actions in the wall of the alimentary canal that moves the contents along

-form of mechanical digestion

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20
Q

What is the role of fibre in the digestive system?

A

Fibre stimulates peristalsis by causing waste to absorb water and expand

21
Q

Function of the stomach?

A

-Muscular bag that holds and digests food
-Churns food with gastric juice to form chyme

22
Q

Name and explain the 2 types of digestion in the stomach

A

-Mechanical digestion: Churns food

-Chemical digestion: action of gastric juice

23
Q

What is the role of mucus?

A

Coats the stomach to prevent self-digestion

24
Q

Role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

-Gives a pH of 1-2
-Kills bacteria
-Loosens food
-Activates pepsinogen

25
Q

Explain the protease used in the stomach

A

-Pepsinogen is inactive so that it does not digest the stomach lining but is then converted to the active enzyme pepsin (protease)

  1. Production site- stomach lining
  2. Activity site- stomach
  3. Substrate- proteins
  4. Product- peptides
  5. Optimum pH- 2

Pepsinogen is secreted by the stomach lining but is inactive to prevent self-digestion
It is converted to the active enzyme pepsin, which is a protease, in the stomach.
It breaks down proteins into peptides and works at a pH of 2

26
Q

Functions of the pancreas?

A

-Secretes insulin
-Secretes pancreatic juices (sodium bicarbonate, amylase and lipase) that enters the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
-The sodium bicarbonate is a base and neutralises the chyme

27
Q

Lipase:
1. Production site
2. Activity site
3. Substrate
4. Product
5. Optimum pH

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Duodenum
  3. Lipids
  4. Fatty acids and glycerol
  5. 7-9
28
Q

Functions of the liver?

A

-Breaks down red blood cells
-Converts glucose to glycogen for storage
-Breaks down poisons, such as alcohol and drugs
-Breaks down excess amino acids to form urea
-Converts excess carbohydrates to fat
-Makes bile **

BBBCCM

29
Q

Describe bile

A

-Yellow, green, viscous liquid
-Made from water, bile salts and bile pigments
-Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
-Enters the duodenum through the bile duct

30
Q

Functions of bile

A

-To emulsify lipids
-To neutralise chyme
-To excrete pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) made from damaged red blood cells

31
Q

Name the two parts of the small intestine

A

-Duodenum
-Ileum

32
Q

Functions of the duodenum?

A

-To digest food
-Cells of the duodenum produce enzymes
-Products of the pancreas and liver enter the duodenum

33
Q

Function of the ileum?

A

To absorb nutrients

34
Q

Adaptations of the small intestine for its function?

A

-Long to allow time for absorption
-Has large numbers of infoldings called villi to increase surface area for absorption
-Each villus is covered in many microvilli
-Wall is only 1cm thick, to allow diffusion of food
-Villi have a rich blood supply to transport nutrients

35
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

-Inside the villus
-Each lacteal contains lymph (fluid)
-Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal and transported to the blood

36
Q

Function of the villus?

A

-All digested food, except fatty acids and glycerol, are absorbed into capillaries

-Capillaries carry the food to the hepatic portal vein and to the liver

-Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the liver, so they are broken down to form urea in a process called deamination

37
Q

Success criteria of the LS and a TS of a villus

A

LS:
-villus
-Lacteal
-Lymph
-Microvillus
-Capillaries
-Venule
-Muscular wall
-Lymph vessel
-Arteriole

TS:
-Muscular wall
-Food
-Villus

38
Q

Name the parts of the large intestine

A

-Caecum
-Appendix
-Colon (Ascending, Transverse, Descending)
-Rectum
-Anus

39
Q

Functions of the caecum and appendix?

A

-Not fully known
-Many herbivores use bacteria in the caecum and appendix to digest cellulose
-Known as vestigial organs (organs that have lost their former use)

40
Q

Functions of the colon?

A

-To reabsorb water using osmosis ***
-Liquid waste is converted to faeces here
-Faeces are stored in the rectum before being egested (not excreted)

41
Q

What are symbiotic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that obtain food and shelter from humans and provide useful functions in return

42
Q

Give examples of symbiotic bacteria

A

-Bacteria in the colon feed on waste and produce Vitamin B and K, which are then absorbed into the blood
-Bacteria in the digestive system break down food
-Beneficial bacteria prevent the growth of disease-causing bacteria (pathogens) and fungi

43
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Contains all the necessary food types in the correct proportions

44
Q

What factors affect the amount of food a person requires?

A

-Age
-Activity levels
-Gender
-Health

45
Q

What does a food pyramid suggest?

A

Suggests number of servings per day of each of the four main food groups

46
Q

What are the number of servings needed for each food group?

A

Milk, cheese and yoghurt​: 2

Meat, fish and poultry: 4

Fruit and vegetables: 4+

Cereals, bread and potatoes​: 6+

47
Q

Success criteria of a close-up diagram of the stomach

A

-Oesophagus
-Stomach
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Bile duct
-Duodenum
-Pancreas
-Pancreatic duct

48
Q

Success criteria of a diagram of the digestive system?

A

-Buccal cavity
-Salivary glands
-epiglottis
-Oesophagus
-Stomach
-Liver
-Pancreatic duct
-Bile duct
-Gallbladder
-Duodenum
-Ileum
-Small intestine
-Large intestine (3 colons, caecum, appendix)
-Rectum
-Anus

Biology (8 decks)

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