CH30 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the plants’ key adaptations for life on land?

A
  • Seeds
  • Pollens
  • Microscopic gametophytes, due to appearance of the previous two traits
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2
Q

Define

Heterospory

A

The production of two kinds of spores: megasporangia (female gametophytes) and micro sporangia (male gametophytes)

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3
Q

Define

Integument

A

Layer of sporophyte tissue that protects the megasporangium

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4
Q

Define

Ovule

A

Whole structure of megasporangium (2n), megaspore (n) and integument (2n)

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5
Q

Define

Pollen grain

A

Male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall, latter of which is composed of molecules secreted by sporophyte cells

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6
Q

Define

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to part of seed plant that contains the ovules

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7
Q

What are the clades of gymnosperms?

A
  1. Ginkgophyta (only ginkgo biloba, is tolerant to stressful conditions)
  2. Cycadophyta (palmlike leaves; endangered)
  3. Gnetophytes
  4. Coniferophyta (most are evergreens)
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8
Q

What are the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms?

A
  • Flowers
  • Fruits
  • Double fertilization
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9
Q

Describe

Flowers

A
  • Sepals: enclose flower
  • M-Stamens: produce microspores that become pollen grains; composed of filament + anther, where the production occurs
  • F-Carpels: makes megaspores; sticky stigma to receive pollen; style; ovary at base
  • Petals: attract pollinators
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10
Q

Describe

Fruits

A
  • Ovary walls thicken and matures into fruit
  • Aid in seed dispersal, as the seeds are protected and transported by animals
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11
Q

Describe

Double fertilization

A
  • Two sperm cells unite with two cells in female gametophyte
  • One sperm + ovum = zygote
  • One sperm + 2 nuclei = endosperm (3n)
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12
Q

Describe

Cross-pollination

A
  • Transfer of pollen from anther of flower to anther of flower, both from different plants
  • Enhance gentic variability

Opposite of autopollination

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