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BIOL226 > CH28 > Flashcards

CH28 Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Protists

A

Diverse group of eukaryotes than span all 4 supergroups: amoebozoa, excavata, plantae, opisthokonta.

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2
Q

Define

Primary endosymbiosis

A

Formation of a chloroplast (plastid) from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. Led to the creation of Archaeplastida (land plants, algae)

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3
Q

Define

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

Plastic acquisition eevents that followed primary endosymbiosis

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4
Q

Describe

Nucleomorphs

A

Group of organisms that possess vestigial nuclei: chlorarachnophytes and cryptomonads. They possess double membranes with nuclear pores and densely packed genes

They are evidence for secondary endosymbiosis.

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5
Q

Describe

Excavata

A

Group of protists, possess excavated feeding groves on one side of cell body. Include diplomonads, parabasalids and euglenozoans

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6
Q

Describe

Diplomonads

A

Possess no plastids and modified mitochondria called mitosomes (no ETC, anaerobic pathways for energy).
Two nuclei and multiple flagella

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7
Q

Describe

Parabasalids

A

Possess reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes.
They perform anaerobic energy production, which releases H

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8
Q

Describe

Euglenozoans

A

Defined by the presence of a rod containing a spiral or a crystalline structure inside the flagella. Subdivided into kinetoplastids and euglenids

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9
Q

Describe

Kinetoplastids

A

Possess large mitochondrion with thousands of DNA organized in interlocking circles called kinetoplasts

Ex: trypanosomes (pathogens)

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10
Q

Describe

Euglenids

A

Possess pocket at one end of cell from which one or two flagella emerge. They are either mixotrophs or prey engulfers

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11
Q

What are the members of the SAR clade?

A

Stramenophiles, alveolates and rhizarians

Stramenophiles and alveolates originated billions of years ago

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12
Q

Describe

Stramenophiles

A

Possess flagellum with fine, hairlike projections and a second, smooth flagellum. Subdivided into diatoms, golden algae and brown algae

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13
Q

Describe

Diatoms

A

Unicellular algae with a glass-like wall that can withstand pressure

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14
Q

Describe

Golden Algae

A
  • Mixotrophic or photosynthetic
  • Color given by colored carotenoids
  • Can form protective cysts that can survive for decades
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15
Q

Describe

Brown Algae

A
  • Most complex stramenophiles, they are commonly called seaweeds
  • Possess root holdfalst, stemline stipe, leaflike blades near water surface
  • Analogous to other plants, algaes
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16
Q

Describe

Alveolates

A

Possess membrane-bound sacs right (alveoli) under membrane.
Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates belong to this group

17
Q

Describe

Dinoflagellates

A

Reinforced by cellulose plates, its two flagella are in groves to make the dinoflagellate spin.
A big rise in their number is called a bloom, which causes a phenomenon called “red tide”

18
Q

Describe

Apicomplexans

A

They are parasites in their sporozoite stage. Contains complex specialized for penetration

19
Q

Describe

Ciliates

A
  • Predators who use cilia to move and feed
  • 2 nuclei, micro and macro in multiple units
  • Micro: exchange of genetic information, led to
  • Macro: transcription
20
Q

Describe

Rhizarians

A
  • Many of them are amoebas, move and feed with pseudopodia, extensions that can budge from anywhere on cell surface
21
Q

Describe

Forams

A

Rhizarians, possess porous shells called tests, from which the pseudopodia extend

22
Q

Describe

Cercozoans

A

Rhizarians; feed with threadlike pseudopodia. Most are heterotrophs, many are parasites

23
Q

Which organisms are in Archaeplastida?

A

Red and green algae as well as land plants.
Red algae’s chlorophyll is masked by phycoerythrin, while green algae are chlorophytes or charophytes

24
Q

Describe

Unikonts

A
  • They are close to animals, fungi and protists
  • Divided into two clades: amoebozoans and opisthokonts
25
Q

Describe

Amoebozoans

A
  • Lobe/tube shaped pseudopodia
  • Counts amongst its ranks mycetozoans (analogous ressemblance to fungi), tubulinids (near hydrated environments) and entamoebas (parasites)
26
Q

Describe

Opisthokonts

A

Animals, fungi and protists

BIOL226 (16 decks)

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