CH29 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe

The derived characteristics common to all land plants

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Develops from embryos
  • Possesses chloroplasts, mitochondria
  • Alternates generations
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2
Q

Define

Embryo

A

Diploid multicellular structure enclosed in maternal tissue

Algae (charophytes) don’t develop from embryos

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3
Q

Define

Sporopollenin

A

Layer of durable polymer in charophytes, prevents spores from drying out

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4
Q

What are the derived traits of plants?

A
  • Alternation of generations
  • Multicellular, dependent embryos
  • Walled spores
  • Multicellular gametangia
  • Apical meristems
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5
Q

Describe the alternation of generations in plants

A
  • The diploid sporophyte (mature plant) produces by meiosis haploid spores
  • The spores do mitosis and become a haploid gametophyte
  • The gametophyte does mitosis and produces gametes
  • Fertilization occurs, a diploid zygote is produced and matures into a sporophyte
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6
Q

What are the dominant stages in ferns and moss?

A

Moss is haploid dominant, while ferns are diploid dominant

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7
Q

Describe

Walled spores

A

Spores covered by sporopollenin, produced in sporangium from meiosis of sporophytes

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8
Q

Describe

Multicellular gametangia

A

Organ in which gametes are produced, archegonia for eggs and antheridia for sperm

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9
Q

Describe

Apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division

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10
Q

Describe

Vascular plants

A
  • Grade, united by their having a complex vascular tissue system
  • Depend on water availability (swimming sperm)
  • Formed of 2 clades, lycophytes (club mosses, etc…) and monilophytes (ferns, more diversified than lycophytes), both seedless vascular
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11
Q

Describe

Bryophytes

A
  • First clade, composes of non-vascular plants
  • Depend on water availability (swimming sperm)
  • 3 phyla: liverworts, mosses, hornworts
  • Very present in peatlands, ecosystems very important for environment, hold 20-30% of organic carbon despite being 3% of Earth surface
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12
Q

Describe

The third clade, following bryophytes and vascular plants

A

Vascular plants with seeds, composed of two clades:
* Gymnosperms: seeds not enclosed in chambers (conifers); heterosporous
* Angiosperms: seeds in chambers (90% of plants)

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13
Q

In what order did the 3 clades appear?

A
  • Land plants (470 mya)
  • Vascular plants (425 mya)
  • Extant seed plants (305 mya)

Angiosperms (140 mya)

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14
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

A
  • Xylem: water and mineral conduction, contain tracheid, tube-shaped cell for upwards carry
  • Phloem: distribution of sugars
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15
Q

Describe

Roots

A

Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. They also anchor vascular plants

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16
Q

Describe

Leaves

A

Primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
* microphylls: small, spine-shaped leaves
* megaphylls: large, vascular leaves