CH22 Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Evolution

A

Change in the genetic composition of a population with respect to time

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2
Q

What is meant by the process of evolution?

A

The mechanisms that produce the pattern of change, for example natural causes

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3
Q

What is meant by the pattern of evolution?

A

The data from biology, geology, physics, chemistry that reveal the evolutionary pattern

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4
Q

Define

Natural selection

A

The inheritance of specific traits that enhance survival. They are a product of editing and environment-dependent

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5
Q

To what can the unity of life be attributed?

A

To a common ancestor, from which accumulations of habitat-dependent specific traits through generations gave rise to the diversity we can observe today

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6
Q

Define

Artificial selection

A

The selecting and breeding of individuals that possess desired traits

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7
Q

What was Darwin’s first observation?

A

Members of a population vary in their inherited traits

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8
Q

What was Darwin’s second observation?

A

All species produce more offspring than their environment can support

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9
Q

What was Darwin’s first inference?

A

Individuals with good traits survive and tend to have a higher percentage of surviving progeny

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10
Q

What was Darwin’s second inference?

A

As a byproduct of the first inference, favorable traits accumulate from generation to generation

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11
Q

How does direct observation support evolution?

A

Small scale evolution on organisms with small lifespans (soapberry bugs with longer beaks for deeper seeds)

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12
Q

Define

Homology (in the context of evolution)

A

Similarities amongst organisms deriving from common ancestry

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13
Q

Define

Convergent evolution

A

The independent development of features in different lineages

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14
Q

Give some examples of vestigial structures

A

-The underlying skeletons of the arms, flippers and wings of different species are homologous structures
-pseudo-genes that have lost their functions or are functional in cousins of the species

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15
Q

What is the difference between analogous and homologous?

A

While homologous describes a common ancestry, analogous describes a similar function observed in two species that do not have common ancestry

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16
Q

What is the difference between marsupials and eutherians?

A

Marsupials are born as embryos and finish their development in an external pouch; eutherians fully develop in the uterus

17
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The scientific study of the geographical distributions of species (can’t reproduce where you can’t reach)

18
Q

What does endemic mean? What does it say about the ancestry of island populations?

A

Endemic: cannot be found anywhere else
It shows us that endemic species have for ancestors species from the nearest mainland; environment doesn’t have much to do with it

19
Q

How does DNA divergence provide evidence for evolution?

A

DNA divergence increases over time, illustrating the growing differences in the evolutionary path of two species (the # of bases that differ is the key factor)

20
Q

What are the types of data that support evolution?

A

Direct observation, Homology, Fossil records and Biogeography