ch3: physiological aspects of aging Flashcards
what can be controlled in physiological decline
rate and extent are partially controllable
what happens to oxygen transport with aging
dec peak oxygen transport of 5ml/kg/min per decade 25-65 y/o
what happens to body fat with aging
inc body fat w/ dec glucose tolerance: inc risk for diabetes
what happens to muscle force with aging
25% dec in peak muscle force from age 40-65 yo
what happens to lean tissue with aging
25% dec in lean tissue from age 40-65 y/o
functional changes associated with aging
-dec balance
-slow rx/mvt time
-deterioration of function in special senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell)
- impaired memory
what happens to flexibility w/ aging
7% loss in flex per decade of adult life
what happens to bone w/ aging
dec in bone calcium & deterioration of bone matrix
- begin 25 y/o
- acceleration for 5 postmenopausal years in women
how much does PA delay normal aging
10-20 years
what happens to VO2 max from age 25-65
average decline of 10% per decade
what are the factors responsible for dec of aerobic capacity
- reduced max CO (1%/year btw 35-65)
- reduced max HR (dec 5-10 beats/decade)
- reduce SV
what happens if intensity of training overtaxes lower aerobic capacities
place enormous strain on the heart + lead serious signs & symptoms
which sign and symptoms occur when heart is overtaxed
dizziness, cramps, chest pain
minimal VO2 for independent living at age 85 for women
15
minimal VO2 for independent living at age 85 for men
18
funcitional implications of reduced aerobic capacity
proper warm-up & cool down routines are extremely imp in the active older adult
why are warm-up and cool down simp
dec risk of abnormal cardiac responses to sudden changes in cardiovascular func
what are aging hearts more prone to
ventricular fibrilation
what happens to resting HR w/ aging
remains largely unchanged
technicality of HR w/. aging
- leads to a dec of autonomic reg of the heart regardless of level of PA
(dec ability of the heart to inc contractions during sub max exercise) - reduction in parasympathetic activity
(dangerous rapid HR, cardiac death)
how can beta blockers help
lower the HR by uptown 30bpm
what’s the preferred method of monitoring exertion
talk test
sing a song
what happens to BP with aging
- resting&exercise BP inc
- high bp inc hearts work rate & oxygen needs during intense exercise
what is the silent killer
hypertension
impact of aerobic training on bp
dec
intensity for aerobic training
40-70% of VO2 max
or
55-80% of max HR
or
RPE: 12-15
frequecy for aerobic training
3-5x / wk
duration for aerobic training
30-60 min
when is exercise contraindicated (BP)
resting BP exceeds 180/110 mmHg
benefits of cardiovascular exercise in OA
- dec resting HR, no change in max HR
- dec SV, assist in maintain CO
- inc total blood vol and tone of peripheral veins, which reduce vascular resistance
- dec systolic and diastolic BP
- inc high density lipoprotein chlesterol
what pulmonary changes btw 30-70 y/o
- dec vital capacity of the lungs up to 50%
- dec efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs
- dec max voluntary ventilation up to 50%
max voluntary ventilation vs vital capacity
VC vs MVV
VC: max vol of air that a person can exhale after max inspiration
MVV: maximal vol of air breathed/min
mechanism for pulmonary changes
- dec respiratory muscle strength
- inc chest wall stiffness and small airway closure
which m. contraction loses more strength w/ age
concentric
why do we have age-associated changes in muscle function
-sarcopenia
- dec muscular strength, endurance, power
- dec aerobic enzyme activity int. mitochondria
cause of changes in muscle function with age
- genetics
- diseases
- diet
- stress
- physical inactivity
criteria for sarcopenia
- low muscle mass
(2 standard deviations) - low gait speed
(below 0.8m/s)
normal 1-1.2m/s
sarcopenia video
effects of sarcopenia on the body
- dec lean muscle mass
- less calories required and burned
- inc body fat
- dec strength
- activities more difficult
- balance and mobility prob
- physical disability and loss of independence
results of loss of muscle mass w/ sarcopenia
inc blood pressure
due to inc arterial stiffness
dec:
- insulin sensitivity (inc fat mass)
- aerobic capacity
- bone density
- metabolic rate
types of muscle fibers
type I: slow contracting & slow fatigue
type II: fast contracting & quick fatigue
age-associated changes to muscle fibers
type II: first to atrophy
25-50% dec incumber and size
temed shrinking
type II are inc concentrations in the back and thighs
which diminishes more: muscle power or strength
the ability to generate muscle power
what is power
work/time
why is power imp
ADLs
- instrumental tasks, dressing, cooking
- recreational activities like walking, climbing stair
- involved in recovering from tripping or quickly rising
causes of dec muscle power in OA
- dec habitual PA
- atrophy of type 2 muscle fibers (size)
- dec in the numb of motor units (especially type 2)
jnt mobility in OA
- loss of 30-70% btw ages of 30-70 y/o (depends on the jnt)
why can loss of flex be accelerated by pain
dec mvt bc of pain
what dec flex affect
- performance in ADls (stairs, dressing,)
- risk of injury to the jnt
- risk of falls from loss of balance
what is the most common cause of disability in adults over 65
nervous system disorders
nervous system disorders
parkinsons,
alzeimers
stroke
what greatly influences normal aging changes
nutritional status
intellectual, sensory and motor stimulation
changes in cognition
- short-term or recent memory loss
- slower info-process-speed especially at points of decision making
- cognitive performance declines, especially when attention is divided
- slower rx time
what can directly afect the ability of OA to live independently
changes in cognition
