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Anatomy > Ch.3 Cells > Flashcards

Ch.3 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell, resulting in the production of 4 genetically different haploid nuclei

A

meiosis

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2
Q

meiosis goes through ______ twice

A

PMAT

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3
Q

in meiosis, the new nuclei have ___ chromosomes and are ___________ genetically

A

23; differently

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4
Q

3 processes that only occur in meiosis:

A

Synapsis, Crossing Over, Skipping replication

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5
Q

nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate

A

prophase I (meiosis)

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6
Q

centrioles with spindle fibers move to poles

A

prophase I (meiosis)

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7
Q

chromatin turns into chromosome form (homologous chromosomes XX)

A

prophase I (meiosis)

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8
Q

synapsis occurs (XX) then crossing over happens

A

prophase I (meiosis)

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9
Q

Levels of organization in the human body:

A

Atoms,molecules,macromolecules,organelles,cell,tissue,organs,organ systems,organisms

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10
Q

Characteristics of life:

A

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

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11
Q

Five Environmental Requirements of an Organism

A

water, heat, pressure, oxygen, food

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12
Q

2 body cavities

A

dorsal & ventral

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13
Q

dorsal includes:

A

cranial and vertebral

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14
Q

organs in cranial:

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medula oblongata

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15
Q

organs in vertebral:

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

ventral cavity includes:

A

thoracic, abominable, pelvic

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17
Q

organs in thoracic:

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

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18
Q

organs in abdominal:

A

liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters

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19
Q

organs in pelvic:

A

urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum

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20
Q

the 3 membranes

A

pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

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21
Q

types of membranes

A

Paerietal- outer membranes covering all organs in 360, attached to wall
Visceral- cover individual internal organs

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22
Q

Top 7 elements in body and percentage

A

Oxygen 65%
Carbon 18.5%
Hydrogen 9.5%
Nitrogen 3.2%
Calcium 1.5%
Phosphorus 1%
Potassium 0.4%
Sulfur 0.3%

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23
Q

Next 4 most common trace elements (less than 0.1% alltogether)

A

Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine

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24
Q

superior

A

above another body part

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25
Q

inferior

A

below another body part

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26
Q

anterior

A

front

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27
Q

posterior

A

back

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28
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

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29
Q

lateral

A

farther from midline

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30
Q

bilateral

A

paired structures

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31
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side

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32
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides

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33
Q

proximal

A

body part closer to point of attachment

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34
Q

distal

A

body part away from point of attachment

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35
Q

superficial

A

structure near surface

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36
Q

deep

A

internal parts

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37
Q

metals on the periodic table

A

everything to left except(H) and stops at Al, Sn, Po

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38
Q

metalloids on the periodic table

A

7 inbetween starts at B to At

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39
Q

nonmetals on the periodic table

A

diagonal down from C to Rn and everything to left of it (also H)

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40
Q

neutral

A

same number or protons and electrons

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41
Q

ion

A

does not have the same number of protons and electrons

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42
Q

stable

A

outer most energy level full of electrons

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43
Q

isotope

A

same element but diff number of neutrons

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44
Q

Lewis Diagram

A

element symbol with the amount of valence electrons circled around

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45
Q

shorthand writing of a molecule or compound

A

Chemical/molecular formulas

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46
Q

show how many atoms are joined and how these atoms are arranged

A

structural formula

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47
Q

H-H

A

structural formula for H^2

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48
Q

O=C=O

A

structural formula for CO^2

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49
Q

inorganic substances

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

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50
Q

water

A

most abundant, most metabolic reactions occur in water, moves chemicals, blood flow, carries heat

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51
Q

oxygen

A

release energy from glucose , carried by red blood cells

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52
Q

carbon dioxide

A

produced as waste product

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53
Q

salts

A

composed of oppositely charged ions, abundant in tissue and fluid, necessary in metabolic processes

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54
Q

organic substances

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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55
Q

Composition carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Building blocks- 6 hexoses
Function- ATP
Examples- sucrose, glucose, monosaccharides

A

carbohydrates

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56
Q

Composition- carbon hydrogen oxygen phosphorus, not in 1:2:1 ratio
Function- cell structure & ATP
Fats- building blocks glycero and fatty acid , staurated & unsaturated
Phospholipd- q glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains, helps in plasma
Seroids - 4 connected rings of carbon atoms

A

lipids

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57
Q

composition: carbon, hydorgen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Building blocks- amino acids
Functions as structure, energy, antibodies, enxymes, hormones
Have unique conformation, gives protein its function

A

proteins

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58
Q

composition: carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus
Function- protein synthesis and genetic info
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Building blocks- nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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59
Q

cells without a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotic cells

60
Q

cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

61
Q

basic unit of life and have many compartmentalized organelles that work together to perform basic functions of life

A

cell

62
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are made up of one or more cells
Cells are bsic unit of structure and function of all organisms
All cells come from other cells that already exist

63
Q

main cell structures

A

plasma membrane
Nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles

64
Q

molecule that specifically binds to a receptor protein on a cell’s plasma membrane

A

ligand

65
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A

Protection-serves as barrier from outside
Semi permeable- allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
Communication- allow cells to talk to their surroundings

66
Q

composition of plasma membrane

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
Some cholesterol

67
Q

houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities

A

nucleus

68
Q

Large, roughly spherical structure

A

nucleus

69
Q

In the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope

A

nucleus

70
Q

Ribosomes form here then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm

A

nucleolus

71
Q

Dense rounded section in nucleoplasm

A

nucleolus

72
Q

Has nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus

A

nuclear membrane

73
Q

Double-layered lining of the nucleus, surrounds nucleus

A

nuclear membrane

74
Q

Provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

A

ribosomes

75
Q

tiny spherical scattered in cytoplasm or on ER

A

ribosomes

76
Q

Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food

A

mitochondria

77
Q

elongated fluid filled sacs in cytoplasm

A

mitochondria

78
Q
  • Maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
  • digest waste materials and cellular debris using enzymes
  • recycle damaged organelles and help defend against pathogens
A

lysosomes

79
Q

tiny membranous sacs in cytoplasm

A

lysosomes

80
Q

Stores excess water and food (plants only)

A

vacuoles

81
Q

spherical in cytoplasm of plant cell

A

vacuoles

82
Q
  • Transports molecules from one cell part to another
  • participates in synthesis of protein and lipid molecules
  • provides attachments for ribosomes
  • can identify and dismantle misfolded proteins
A

endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q
  • network of flattened sacs and tubules
  • smooth is more cylindrical
    -in cytoplasm
A

Endoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

form the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

85
Q

Thin, thread-like strands with diameters 2-3x bigger than microfilaments in cytoplasm

A

microtubules

86
Q

Form the cytoskeleton
- Form bundles and provide cell motility

A

microfilament

87
Q

Thin, thread-like strands in cytoplasm

A

microfilament

88
Q

move fluidos or mucus across cell surface, act as sensory organelles, and help propel the cell allowing it to swim in wave-like manner

A

cillia

89
Q

hair-like and anchored in the cell membrane

A

cillia

90
Q

move in a whip-like manner allowing cells to swim through liquids and used for locomotion

A

flagella

91
Q

long and whip like, base of a sperm cell

A

flagella

92
Q
  • Store or transport substances within a cell between cells
  • smaller of these shuttle materials from the from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus
A

vesicles

93
Q

within or outside the cell, spherical

A

vesicles

94
Q

main microtubule organizing center vital for maintaining cell shape and intracellular transport

A

centrosome

95
Q

cylindrical in cytoplasm near nucleus

A

centrosome

96
Q

houses genetic information

A

chromatin

97
Q

Tightly coiled fibers that condense to form individual chromosomes

A

chromatin

98
Q

Refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER

A

golgi apparatus

99
Q

House enzymes and catalyze (accelerate) a variety of biochemical reactions
- break down hydrogen peroxide (by-product of metabolism) and fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol

A

peroxisomes

100
Q

uncontrolled cell division

A

hyperplasia

101
Q

loss of specialized structures and functions

A

Dedifferentiation

102
Q

ability of cancer cells to break through boundaries

A

invasiveness

103
Q

ability of cancer cells to induce extensions of nearby blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

104
Q

spread of cancer cells

A

metastisis

105
Q

active transport

A

cell’s energy used (40%)

106
Q

movement of molecules in through plasma membrane, usually too large to enter other ways

A

endocytosis

107
Q

movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, usually too large to exit by itself

A

exocytosis

108
Q

passive transport

A

no energy is used

109
Q

when molecules move from high to low concentration

A

diffusion

110
Q

molecules of water move from high to low concentration

A

osmosis

111
Q

molecules too large to enter or exit so have to enter through special carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

112
Q

molecules are forced from region of high pressure to regions of low pressure

A

filtration

113
Q

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

A

diffusion

114
Q

movement of glucose through a cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

115
Q

distilled water entering a cell

A

osmosis

116
Q

molecules leaving blood capillaries

A

filtration

117
Q

movement of various ions, sugars, and amino acids through membranes

A

active transport

118
Q

uptake of water and solutes by all body cells

A

pinocytosis

119
Q

white blood cell engulfing bacterial cell

A

phagocytosis

120
Q

cell removing cholesterol molecules from surroundings

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

121
Q

neurotransmitter release

A

exocytosis

122
Q

interphase consists of

A

G1, Syntheis, G2

123
Q

G1

A

(gap 1) 46- growth stage
-includes restriction checkpoint-determines cell fate (apoptosis, remain, proceed)

124
Q

S/G2

A

DNA and organelles replicated

125
Q

division of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a somatic cell which results in 2 identical nuclei (2n diploid)

A

mitosis

126
Q

Prophase (92)

A

-chromatin(DNA) forms sister chromosomes
-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fades
-Centrioles appear producing spindle fibers

127
Q

Metaphase (92)

A

-Cetrioles move to poles
-Spindle fibers attach to sister chromosomes
-Chromosomes line up in middle

128
Q

Anaphase (92)

A

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids, to opposite poles

129
Q

Telophase (46 each)

A

-Chromatids turn into chromatin
-nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears
-2 new nuclei produced

130
Q

process that separates chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell, resulting in 4 genetically different haploid nuclei

A

meiosis

131
Q

Only occur in meiosis:

A

synapsis, crossing over, skipping replication

132
Q

Prophase I (92)

A

-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
-Centiroles w spindle fibers move to poles
-Chromatin turns into homologous chromosomes(XX)
-Synapsis occurs (XX) then crossing over happens

133
Q

Metaphase I (92)

A

homologous chromosomes line up at equator, moved by spinde fibers

134
Q

Anaphase I (92)

A

homologous chromosomes separated X—–X, pulled away by spindle fibers

135
Q

Telophase I (46 each)

A

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Two new genetically different diploid (2n=46)

136
Q

Prophase II (46)

A

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
Centrioles and spindles reappear
Chromatin turn into chromosomes X

137
Q

Metaphase II (46)

A

Chromosomes line up in middle, moved by spindle fibers

138
Q

Anaphase II (46)

A

Centromeres broken and chromosomes separated into chromatid by spindle fibers

139
Q

Telophase II (23 each)

A

nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Chromosomes turn into chromatin
Centriole and spindle fibers disappear
4 new different haploid produced

140
Q

differentiation-

A

cell specialization

141
Q

stem cells are not ________.

A

differentiated

142
Q

Progenitor cell-

A

partially specialized

143
Q

low concentration of solute, high concentration of solvent, lyse

A

hypotonic solution

144
Q

higher concentration of solute, low concentration of solvent, shrivel

A

hypertonic solution

145
Q

concentration of solutes equal to that inside the cell

A

isotonic solution

Anatomy (8 decks)

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