Anatomy Final Flashcards
study of the structure and function for the human body
human anatomy and physiology
levels of organization of the human body:
atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organsisms
open spaces in human body filled with organ and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
body cavity
dorsal cavity:
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
organs in cranial cavity:
brain( cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medula oblongata)
organs in vertebral cavity:
spinal cord
ventral cavity:
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
organs in thoracic cavity:
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
organs in abdominal cavity:
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters
organs with pelvic cavity:
urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum
internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal
examples: stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys
viscera
water:
-Most abundant in all living systems
-Required for many metabolic processes
-Constitutes intracellular fluid
oxygen:
-Readily exchanged between living systems
-Releases energy from food sources
food:
-Provides us w chemicals/nutrients
-Food brought in and waste chemicals eliminated
heat:
-More heat, faster the reactions take place
pressure:
-Needed to breathe and blood flow
five environmental requirements:
water, oxygen, food, heat, pressure
top 7 elements in the human body:
- oxygen
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- calcium
- phosphorus
- potassium
trace elements
- chromium
- cobalt
- copper
- fluorine
outer most level full of electrons
stable
same number of protons and electrons
neutral
organic substances
substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
composition of carbohydrates
C,H,O usually in a 1:2:1 ration
function of carbohydrates
primary source of ATP
examples of carbohydrates
glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose
building blocks of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (5 carbon sugar)
composition of lipids
C,H,O,P usually not in 1:2:1
function of lipids
provide cell structure and ATP production
examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
function of proteins
structural materials, energy source, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes
composition of proteins
C,H,O,N
building blocks of protein
amino acids
composition of nucleic acids
C,H,O,N,P
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
functions of nucleic acids
hold genetic information
inorganic substances
substances that do not contain both C and H
types of inorganic substances
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt
types of organic substances
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
most abundant compound in living material
water
used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
transported throughout the body by the blood
oxygen
waste product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
provide necessary ions for the body
salts
abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
prokaryotic
cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles
main structures of a cell:
plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles
function of plasma membrane
-protection
-semi-permeable
-communication
composition of plasma membrane
-lipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates
-some cholesterol
double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell
phospholipid molecules
allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
phospholipid molecules
identifies the cell
marker protein
allows specific molecules to enter and exit
channel protein
allows cells to communicate
receptor protein
the fluid inside the cytoplasm
cytosol
area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus
cytoplasm
contains the DNA and nucleolus
nucleus
small structures in cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
organelles
function of nucleus
houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities
location of nucleus
In the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear membrane
function of nucleolus
produces ribosomes
location of nucleolus
nucleus
function of ribosomes
make proteins
location of ribosomes
Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER
function of mitochondria
Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food
location of mitochondria
cytoplasm
function of lysosomes
digest weak cellular parts or substances that enter cells
location of lysosomes
cytoplasm
function of cilia
- Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues
-cell locomotion
location of cilia
anchored beneath the cell membrane
function of flagella
Moves in a wavelike manner that allows the cell to “swim”
location of flagella
base of a sperm cell
function of centrosome
helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division
passive transport
no energy used by the cell
examples of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
active transport
cell’s energy must be used (40%)
examples of active transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane
diffusion
when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane
osmosis
when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
filtration
movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane
endocytosis
types of endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane that are usually too large to exit by itself
exocytosis
without ________ reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis
enzymes
metabolic reactions need _________ to happen
ATP
catalyst proteins that work by lowering the activation energy and speed rates of chemical reactions
enzymes
not consumed in their function to speed the rate of the reaction
enzymes
each enzyme acts on ____________.
one specific substrate
every cell contains _______________ to help complete reactions
hundreds of enzymes
rate of enzyme controlled reactions depend on
-number of enzymes and substrate molecules in cell
-how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second
stages of cell cycle
G1(gap stage 1)
s(synthesis)
G2(gap stage 2)
M(mitosis/meiosis)
C(cytokinesis)
prophase
-chromatin forms DNA
-nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate
-nucleolus disappears
-centrioles appear
metaphase
-centrioles move to poles
-spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and line up in equator
anaphase
-spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into individual chromatids
-chromatids pulled to opposite poles
telophase
-chromatids turn back into chromatin
-nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears
-2 new nuclei produced
which cells go through mitosis
somatic cells
which cells go through meiosis
gametes
which cells don’t complete cell cycle
-erythrocyte
-skeletal muscle fibers
-neurons
process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell resulting in the nucleus production of 4 new genetically haploid nuclei
meiosis
synpasis
chromosomes pairing up in prophase I of meiosis
crossing over
exchange of genetic material in prophase I of meiosis
helicase
unwind DNA double helix
