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Anatomy > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

study of the structure and function for the human body

A

human anatomy and physiology

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2
Q

levels of organization of the human body:

A

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organsisms

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3
Q

open spaces in human body filled with organ and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

A

body cavity

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4
Q

dorsal cavity:

A

cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

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5
Q

organs in cranial cavity:

A

brain( cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medula oblongata)

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6
Q

organs in vertebral cavity:

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

ventral cavity:

A

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

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8
Q

organs in thoracic cavity:

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

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9
Q

organs in abdominal cavity:

A

liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters

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10
Q

organs with pelvic cavity:

A

urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum

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11
Q

internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal
examples: stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys

A

viscera

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12
Q

water:

A

-Most abundant in all living systems
-Required for many metabolic processes
-Constitutes intracellular fluid

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13
Q

oxygen:

A

-Readily exchanged between living systems
-Releases energy from food sources

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14
Q

food:

A

-Provides us w chemicals/nutrients
-Food brought in and waste chemicals eliminated

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15
Q

heat:

A

-More heat, faster the reactions take place

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16
Q

pressure:

A

-Needed to breathe and blood flow

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17
Q

five environmental requirements:

A

water, oxygen, food, heat, pressure

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18
Q

top 7 elements in the human body:

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. calcium
  6. phosphorus
  7. potassium
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19
Q

trace elements

A
  1. chromium
  2. cobalt
  3. copper
  4. fluorine
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20
Q

outer most level full of electrons

A

stable

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21
Q

same number of protons and electrons

A

neutral

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22
Q

organic substances

A

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

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23
Q

composition of carbohydrates

A

C,H,O usually in a 1:2:1 ration

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24
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

primary source of ATP

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25
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose

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26
Q

building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (5 carbon sugar)

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27
Q

composition of lipids

A

C,H,O,P usually not in 1:2:1

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28
Q

function of lipids

A

provide cell structure and ATP production

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29
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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30
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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31
Q

function of proteins

A

structural materials, energy source, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones

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32
Q

examples of proteins

A

keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes

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33
Q

composition of proteins

A

C,H,O,N

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34
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

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35
Q

composition of nucleic acids

A

C,H,O,N,P

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36
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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37
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

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38
Q

functions of nucleic acids

A

hold genetic information

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39
Q

inorganic substances

A

substances that do not contain both C and H

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40
Q

types of inorganic substances

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt

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41
Q

types of organic substances

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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42
Q

most abundant compound in living material

A

water

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43
Q

used in cellular respiration to produce ATP

A

oxygen

44
Q

transported throughout the body by the blood

A

oxygen

45
Q

waste product of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

provide necessary ions for the body

A

salts

47
Q

abundant in tissues and fluids

A

salts

48
Q

prokaryotic

A

cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

49
Q

eukaryotic

A

cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles

50
Q

main structures of a cell:

A

plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles

51
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

-protection
-semi-permeable
-communication

52
Q

composition of plasma membrane

A

-lipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates
-some cholesterol

53
Q

double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell

A

phospholipid molecules

54
Q

allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer

A

phospholipid molecules

55
Q

identifies the cell

A

marker protein

56
Q

allows specific molecules to enter and exit

A

channel protein

57
Q

allows cells to communicate

A

receptor protein

58
Q

the fluid inside the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

59
Q

area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

60
Q

contains the DNA and nucleolus

A

nucleus

61
Q

small structures in cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis

A

organelles

62
Q

function of nucleus

A

houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities

63
Q

location of nucleus

A

In the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear membrane

64
Q

function of nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes

65
Q

location of nucleolus

A

nucleus

66
Q

function of ribosomes

A

make proteins

67
Q

location of ribosomes

A

Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER

68
Q

function of mitochondria

A

Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food

69
Q

location of mitochondria

A

cytoplasm

70
Q

function of lysosomes

A

digest weak cellular parts or substances that enter cells

71
Q

location of lysosomes

A

cytoplasm

72
Q

function of cilia

A
  • Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues
    -cell locomotion
73
Q

location of cilia

A

anchored beneath the cell membrane

74
Q

function of flagella

A

Moves in a wavelike manner that allows the cell to “swim”

75
Q

location of flagella

A

base of a sperm cell

76
Q

function of centrosome

A

helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

77
Q

passive transport

A

no energy used by the cell

78
Q

examples of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

79
Q

active transport

A

cell’s energy must be used (40%)

80
Q

examples of active transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

81
Q

when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

diffusion

82
Q

when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

osmosis

83
Q

when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

84
Q

molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

A

filtration

85
Q

movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

86
Q

types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

87
Q

movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane that are usually too large to exit by itself

A

exocytosis

88
Q

without ________ reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis

A

enzymes

89
Q

metabolic reactions need _________ to happen

A

ATP

90
Q

catalyst proteins that work by lowering the activation energy and speed rates of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

91
Q

not consumed in their function to speed the rate of the reaction

A

enzymes

92
Q

each enzyme acts on ____________.

A

one specific substrate

93
Q

every cell contains _______________ to help complete reactions

A

hundreds of enzymes

94
Q

rate of enzyme controlled reactions depend on

A

-number of enzymes and substrate molecules in cell
-how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second

95
Q

stages of cell cycle

A

G1(gap stage 1)
s(synthesis)
G2(gap stage 2)
M(mitosis/meiosis)
C(cytokinesis)

96
Q

prophase

A

-chromatin forms DNA
-nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate
-nucleolus disappears
-centrioles appear

97
Q

metaphase

A

-centrioles move to poles
-spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and line up in equator

98
Q

anaphase

A

-spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into individual chromatids
-chromatids pulled to opposite poles

99
Q

telophase

A

-chromatids turn back into chromatin
-nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears
-2 new nuclei produced

100
Q

which cells go through mitosis

A

somatic cells

101
Q

which cells go through meiosis

A

gametes

102
Q

which cells don’t complete cell cycle

A

-erythrocyte
-skeletal muscle fibers
-neurons

103
Q

process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell resulting in the nucleus production of 4 new genetically haploid nuclei

A

meiosis

104
Q

synpasis

A

chromosomes pairing up in prophase I of meiosis

105
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material in prophase I of meiosis

106
Q

helicase

A

unwind DNA double helix

Anatomy (8 decks)

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