Ch.26

Question 1

Define bacteria

Answer 1

Prokaryotes that lack a membrane bound nucleus one of the largest branches in the tree of life

Question 2

Define archaea

Answer 2

Prokaryote that lacks membrane bound nucleus one of the largest branches in thee of life

Question 3

Devin microbiome

Answer 3

Is the community of microbes that naturally inhabit the body or parts of the body

Question 4

The average human body is estimated to contain roughly

Answer 4

100 trillion bacteria and archaea cells

Question 5

Extremophiles

Answer 5

Live in extreme habitats

Question 6

In what habitats do extremophiles live in?

Answer 6

At ph less than 1.0
Temptress of 0°c under Antarctic ice
Water 155-10 times saltier than sea water

Question 7

Pathogenic bacteria tend to infect tissues of

Answer 7

Entry point

Question 8

Koch’s postulates

Answer 8

Is the causative link between a specific disease and microbe

Question 9

Germ theory of disease

Answer 9

The theory of infectious disease are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes

Question 10

What are the 3 main ways infectious diseases spread

Answer 10

1. Passed from person to person
2. Transmitted by bites fom insects or animals
3. ingesting contaminated food or water or exposure to microbes and surrounding environment

Question 11

Antibiotics

Answer 11

Any substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

Question 12

Define bioremediation

Answer 12

Is the use of bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents

Question 13

Koch’s 4 criteria that had to be met under Koch’s postulates

Answer 13

1. microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent from healthy individuals

2.the organisms must be isolated And grown in a pure culture away from host organisms

3. If organisms from pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, disease symptoms appear

4.organism isolated the diseased experimental animal again grown in pure culture and demonstrated to be the same as the original organism

Question 14

How do we use Koch’s postulates today?

Answer 14

Used in modified forms to confirma causative link between new diseases and a suspected infectious agent

Question 15

Germ theory of disease

Answer 15

States that infectious disease are caused by specific microbes in the body such as bacteria, archaea, and viruses

Question 16

Infections diseases are spread in what 3 ways?

Answer 16

1.some are passed form person to person

2. Someone transmitted by bites from insects or animals
3. Some are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, on being exposed to microbes by ingesting contaminated food or waters

Question 17

What makes some bacterial cells pathogenic?

Answer 17

Depends on virulence

Question 18

Virulence

Answer 18

Ability to cause disease, its a heritable trait that varies among individuals in a population

Question 19

How do toxins work?what do the do?

Answer 19

The bind to ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis killing the host cells

Some pathogenic bacteria produce resistant Endospores

Question 20

Endospores

Answer 20

Are tough thick walled dormant structures formed during times of environmental stress that contain Copies of cells DNA RNA ribosomes and enzymes

They also usually have resistance to high temperatures UV radiation and antibiotics

Question 21

What do Antibiotics do?

Answer 21

• They can stop bacteria from growing
• it is produced naturally bu some soil Bactria and fungi
• discovered in 1928 used often by 1940
• with extensive use leads to drug resistant pathogenic bacteria

Question 22

Biofilms

Answer 22

Are bacterial colonies emmeshed in polysaccharide rich Manx that shield Bactria from antibiotics

Question 23

Role in bioremediation

Answer 23

1. Fertilize contaminated sites to encourage growth of existing bact and arch
2. Seeding, or adding specific species of bacteria and arch. To contaminated sites

Question 24

How do biologists study bacteria and archaea?

Answer 24

Using enrichment cultures

Using metagenomics

Investigating human microbiome

Evaluating molecular phylogenies

Question 25

What do enrichment cultures do?

Answer 25

The isolate populations of cells that grow under specific conditions

Question 26

Thermopiles

Answer 26

Heat loving bacteria and archaea

Question 27

What do Metagenomics/environmental sequencing do?

Answer 27

Identify species and biochemical pathways by comparing DNA sequences

Question 28

Steps preformed in a metagenomic’s study

Answer 28

1.collectsamples from an environment containing a dyed Community of unknown organisms and extract DNA

2. generate small DNA fragments and sequence as many as possible
3. Compare these sequences with Mose of known genes. This info can be used to identify species and investigate biological processes

Question 29

Direct sequencing

Answer 29

Direct sequencing is the isolation and sequencing of a specific gene from organisms found in particular habitat

Question 30

human gut biome alone is composed of

Answer 30

100 trillion bacteria and archaea that play a vole in human health

Question 31

Bacteria and archaea are

Answer 31

Prokaryotes

Question 32

What themes occur in the diversification of bactena and archaea?

Answer 32

1 genetic variation through gene transfer

2. Morphology
3. Metabolism

Question 33

Gene transfer occurs in 3 ways:

Answer 33

1) transformations

2) transductions

3) conjugation

Question 34

Transformation

Answer 34

Is bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment that has been released by cell lysis or secreted

Question 35

Transduction

Answer 35

• Viruses pickup DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell

Question 36

Conjugation

Answer 36

When genetic info is transferred by direct cell to cell

Question 37

Bacterial size

Answer 37

Volume of bacterial species

(Morphological diversity)

Question 38

Bacterial shape

Answer 38

Whether they are filaments, spheres, rods and chain to spiral

(Morphological diversity)

Question 39

Bacterial motility

Answer 39

Gliding motion or swimming motion with a flagella for ex

(Morphological diversty)

Question 40

Gram stain

Answer 40

Dying system to examine cell walls

Question 41

Gram positive

Answer 41

Cells look purple under a microscope

Question 42

Gram negative

Answer 42

Cells look pink The cell wall has a thin layer containing peptidoglycan and Outer Phospholipid bilayer

Question 43

Bacteria and archaea acquire energy to produce ATP in what three ways

Answer 43

1. Phototrophs
2. Chemoorganotrophs
3. Chemolithotrophs

Question 44

It is known as “ light feeders” that use light energy to excite electrons ATP is produced

Answer 44

Phototropns

Question 45

It is known as “chemical carbon feeders” that oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars that make ATP by cellular respiration or fermentation pathways

Answer 45

Chemoorganotrophs

Question 46

It is known as “chemical rock feeders” that oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy where ATP is made by cellular respiration

Answer 46

Chemlithotrophs

Question 47

Produce ATP and obtain carbon

Answer 47

1. Autotrophs
2. Heterotrophs

Question 48

Known as “self feeders” that synthesize their own compounds from simple starting materials

Answer 48

Autotrophs

Question 49

Know as “other feeders” that absorb ready to use organic compounds called building block compounds produced by other organisms in their environment

Answer 49

Heterotrophs

Question 50

Fermentation

Answer 50

Make ATP without using electron transport chain