Ch 27

Question 1

What is the 3rd domain of life

Answer 1

Eukarya

Question 2

What are the fundamental features that distinguish eukarya from bacteria and archaea

Answer 2

• Most are large, have more organelles and a more extensive cytoskeleton

• A nuclear envelope

Multicellularly evolved multiple times

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 3

Define protist

Answer 3

Any eukaryote that is not a land plant animal or fungus protists are diverse paraphyletic group most are unicellular but some are multicellular

Question 4

What protist caused the Irish potato famine?

Answer 4

Phytophthora

Question 5

Define plasmodium

Answer 5

It is a protist tHas has a lifecycle involving both mosquito and human hosts
It starts when a plasmodium infected mosquito takes blood from a human The plasmodium cells enter the human bloodstream replicate asexually

Question 6

Define primary producers

Answer 6

Species that produce chemical energy by photosynthesis

Question 7

Plankton

Answer 7

small or microscopic organisms that serve as a food source in aquatic environments

Question 8

What do photosynthetic protists do?

Answer 8

They take in Co2 to make sugars this makes them primary producers

Question 9

Food chain

Answer 9

A relatively simple pathway of energy and nutrient flow through a few species such as a different trophic level in an ecosystem may include for example a primary producer a primary consumer secondary consumer and decomposer

Question 10

Global Carbon cycle

Answer 10

Movement of carbon atoms from carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere to organisms on land or the ocean and then back to the atmosphere

Question 11

Carbon sink

Answer 11

A long term reservoir of carbon

Include sedimentary rocks and petroleum

Question 12

What do sedimentary rocks come from

Answer 12

Some protists had shells made of calcium carbonate they go down to bottom of ocean and turn into rock

Question 13

What is petroleum made out of?

Answer 13

The accumulation of dead bacteria, archaea, and protists at the bottom of the ocean

Question 14

Synapomorphy is

Answer 14

A shared derived trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor that but is missing in more distant ancestors

Question 15

Monophyletic groups are

Answer 15

Evolutionarily unit that includes an ancestor population and all of its descendants but no others also called a clade or lineage

Question 16

paraphyletic groups are

Answer 16

A group that includes an ancestral population and some but not all of its descendants

Question 17

Flagellum

Answer 17

A Long cellular projection that indulates or rotates to move the cell through an aqueous environment

Question 18

Morphological data and DNA sequence data suggest

Answer 18

that there are 7 monophyletic groups

Question 19

Direct sequencing

Answer 19

Is based on sampling sail

Question 20

What are the fundamental features of eukaryotes

Answer 20

Most are large and have more organelles and more expensive cytoskeleton

A nuclear envelope

A multicellular Arity evolved multiple times

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 21

Why do biologist study protists

Answer 21

Because they have impacts on human health and welfare

Ecological importance

Critical to understanding evolution of plants fungi and animals

Question 22

Could protists help global climate change

Answer 22

Yes by applying the global carbon cycle

Question 23

Define global carbon cycle

Answer 23

Movement of carbon atoms from carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere for organisms on land or the ocean and then back to the atmosphere

Question 24

How are researchers trying to reduce global climate change

Answer 24

decreasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

and increasing the amount of carbon stored in aquatic and terrestrial environment

Question 25

What is the purpose of the mitochondria

Answer 25

Organelles that generate ATP

Question 26

What is the Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 26

That the mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside another cell about 2 billion years ago

Question 27

Define symbiosis

Answer 27

When individuals at two different species live in physical contact

Question 28

Define Endo symbiosis

Answer 28

When an organism of one species lives inside the cells of an organism of another species

Question 29

Define multicellularity

Answer 29

Refers to organisms with more than one cell this came about through mutations

Question 30

Mutations Leading to multicellularity probably

Answer 30

First caused cells to stick together after cell division

Question 31

Selection on larger colonial organism allowed them to what

Answer 31

Evolve and diversify Which caused cells to become more specialized for different functions

*but not all cells express the same gene

Question 32

Multicellularity arose

Answer 32

Independently In a wide array of eukaryotic lineages

Question 33

Define alternation of generations

Answer 33

The organisms alternate between two different life stages:

The haploid stage called gametophyte

And diploid stage called sporophyte

Question 34

Define diploid

Answer 34

Having two sets of chromosomes

And a cell or an organism with two sets of chromosomes One set inherited from the mother and One set from the Father

Question 35

Define haploid

Answer 35

Having one set of chromosomes

Hey cell or an individual organism with one set of chromosomes

Question 36

Define gametophyte

Answer 36

multicellular haploid form that arises from a single haploid spore and produce gametes

Question 37

Define gamete

Answer 37

Is a haploid reproductive cell that can fuse with another haploid reproductive cell of the opposite sex to form a diploid zygote

Question 38

Define sporophyte

Answer 38

In organisms undergoing alternation of generations in multicellular diploid form that develops by mitotic division after fertilization produces a zygote

Question 39

Define spores

Answer 39

Are single haploid cells that divide mitotically to form haploid gametophyte