Ch23 and 24 Flashcards
New technologies and methods
Steam engine Mass production, assembly line Bessemer process (steel replace iron) Skyscrapers Chemistry/chemicals Electricity Petroleum Internal combustion engines
Transportation and communication
Steamships Airplanes Suburbs Telephone and telegraph Radio Standardized time zones Germany surpass great britain
Business cycles and managing markets
Boom bust cycles, 1873-1896
Tariffs and cartels
Move away from free trade and toward protectionism
Consumerism
The balance of power and global integration
Germany surpass britain, US surpass both
European capital dominate world
Motives and means
Economic motives: raw materials, colonies help with self-sufficiency, colonies as markets/investment of profits
Political motives: protectorates, nationalistic fervor, outlet for surplus population
Cultural motives: missionaries, Rudyard Kipling “The White Man’s Burden,” social/racial Darwinism
Could colonize because technological advances of 2IR, industrialization of war (Europe have military superiority), nature of modern corporate capitalism provided for exploitation of resources
The partition of Africa
1878, International Congo Association, King Leopold II, treat natives terribly
1884, Bismarck, Berlin Conference, Congo Free State for Leopold, divided up Africa
Chamberlain v Rhodes, Chamberlain want gradual freedom but economic ties, Rhodes want colonize all
1898 Omdurman, British killed huge number Sudanese but lost very few
1899-1902 Boer War, land disputes, Britain win but it’s terrible policies led to internal dissent
Imperialism in Asia
1857, India, sepoys (soldiers) revolted, Britain subdued Sepoy Mutiny, made direct rule, Queen Victoria Empress of India
Britain try modernize Indian culture, lead to Gandhi, etc
China weak in Qing dynasty
1842 Treaty of Nanking, China surrender Hong Kong, forced to make free-trade treaty ports
Countries carve spheres of influence in China, Open Door Policy, 1900 Boxer rebellion, crushed
Extraterritoriality: europeans in china only subject to the laws of their home nation, not those of China
Japan do Meiji Restoration, modernize quickly and become great power
1905: Russo-Japanese War, Japan defeat Russians on land and sea
Critics and consequences
Lenin, 1916 Imperialism (book), say imperialism indicated crisis of capitalism
Rise of new powers (US and Japan)
Intensification of european rivalries
Decolonization and dependency
Demographic trends
Population expand rapidly, drop in death rate not rise in birth rate, family size decrease, more people in industrial cities
Urban reform and mass leisure
Haussmann, france, helped rebuild Paris (wider, more open, take away housing of poor)
Subways and streetcars, increased inspection and higher standards for public housing
Increase in leisure time, improved wages
Parks, dance halls, amusement parks, sports
Sports parallel military discipline, rules
Education and literacy
Literacy rates increase, more in northern/western europe, state-sponsored compulsory education
Gladstone, education act of 1870, basis for elementary education in britain
Family and childhood
Victorian ideal of gender roles for men and women
Invested increasing resources in upbringing of children
Mass politics
Mass communication
Democracy and authoritarianism
Increase in conflict
Liberal accomplishments and challenges
Liberal achievements: constitutional government, representative assemblies, free trade, expansion of suffrage, guarantees of rights, middle class influence on government, spread of education and literacy, weakening of established churches, self-determination for some nations By 1900, many liberal parties abandon pure capitalism for extending social welfare to those in need
France and the tensions of the third republic
By 1878, moderates had established the basis for a parliamentary democracy, but still opposition (catholic church and monarchists)
Boulanger, bring conservative elements and radical republicans together, almost take over gov and establish military rule, but lost nerve and fled
Dreyfus affair: dreyfus jewish officer, tried for crime he didn’t commit, found guilty and exiled, showed anti-semitism
Zola condemned authoritarian institutions in J’Accuse, government pardon dreyfus but continue
Anticlerical campaign, 1905 church and state separated, education secularized
