Ch23 and 24 Flashcards
New technologies and methods
Steam engine Mass production, assembly line Bessemer process (steel replace iron) Skyscrapers Chemistry/chemicals Electricity Petroleum Internal combustion engines
Transportation and communication
Steamships Airplanes Suburbs Telephone and telegraph Radio Standardized time zones Germany surpass great britain
Business cycles and managing markets
Boom bust cycles, 1873-1896
Tariffs and cartels
Move away from free trade and toward protectionism
Consumerism
The balance of power and global integration
Germany surpass britain, US surpass both
European capital dominate world
Motives and means
Economic motives: raw materials, colonies help with self-sufficiency, colonies as markets/investment of profits
Political motives: protectorates, nationalistic fervor, outlet for surplus population
Cultural motives: missionaries, Rudyard Kipling “The White Man’s Burden,” social/racial Darwinism
Could colonize because technological advances of 2IR, industrialization of war (Europe have military superiority), nature of modern corporate capitalism provided for exploitation of resources
The partition of Africa
1878, International Congo Association, King Leopold II, treat natives terribly
1884, Bismarck, Berlin Conference, Congo Free State for Leopold, divided up Africa
Chamberlain v Rhodes, Chamberlain want gradual freedom but economic ties, Rhodes want colonize all
1898 Omdurman, British killed huge number Sudanese but lost very few
1899-1902 Boer War, land disputes, Britain win but it’s terrible policies led to internal dissent
Imperialism in Asia
1857, India, sepoys (soldiers) revolted, Britain subdued Sepoy Mutiny, made direct rule, Queen Victoria Empress of India
Britain try modernize Indian culture, lead to Gandhi, etc
China weak in Qing dynasty
1842 Treaty of Nanking, China surrender Hong Kong, forced to make free-trade treaty ports
Countries carve spheres of influence in China, Open Door Policy, 1900 Boxer rebellion, crushed
Extraterritoriality: europeans in china only subject to the laws of their home nation, not those of China
Japan do Meiji Restoration, modernize quickly and become great power
1905: Russo-Japanese War, Japan defeat Russians on land and sea
Critics and consequences
Lenin, 1916 Imperialism (book), say imperialism indicated crisis of capitalism
Rise of new powers (US and Japan)
Intensification of european rivalries
Decolonization and dependency
Demographic trends
Population expand rapidly, drop in death rate not rise in birth rate, family size decrease, more people in industrial cities
Urban reform and mass leisure
Haussmann, france, helped rebuild Paris (wider, more open, take away housing of poor)
Subways and streetcars, increased inspection and higher standards for public housing
Increase in leisure time, improved wages
Parks, dance halls, amusement parks, sports
Sports parallel military discipline, rules
Education and literacy
Literacy rates increase, more in northern/western europe, state-sponsored compulsory education
Gladstone, education act of 1870, basis for elementary education in britain
Family and childhood
Victorian ideal of gender roles for men and women
Invested increasing resources in upbringing of children
Mass politics
Mass communication
Democracy and authoritarianism
Increase in conflict
Liberal accomplishments and challenges
Liberal achievements: constitutional government, representative assemblies, free trade, expansion of suffrage, guarantees of rights, middle class influence on government, spread of education and literacy, weakening of established churches, self-determination for some nations By 1900, many liberal parties abandon pure capitalism for extending social welfare to those in need
France and the tensions of the third republic
By 1878, moderates had established the basis for a parliamentary democracy, but still opposition (catholic church and monarchists)
Boulanger, bring conservative elements and radical republicans together, almost take over gov and establish military rule, but lost nerve and fled
Dreyfus affair: dreyfus jewish officer, tried for crime he didn’t commit, found guilty and exiled, showed anti-semitism
Zola condemned authoritarian institutions in J’Accuse, government pardon dreyfus but continue
Anticlerical campaign, 1905 church and state separated, education secularized
Parliamentary democracy in britain
Victorian age, true parliamentary democracy, conservatives vs liberals, policy implemented locally rather than by centralized bureaucracy
Workers agitate for improve conditions even though some laws being passed, suffragettes
Catholic Irish demand home rule, delayed because WWI
Germany’s growing pains
Power soared, Bismarck, allied self with liberal party
Kulturkampf—attack on german catholic church, abandoned 1878
Bismarck worked to restrict power of social democratic party, antisocialist laws, welfare program, fired
Austria-hungary: ethnic tensions
Magyars impose on minorities, von taaffe expand voting rights, breakdown of parliamentary function
Christian social party, anti-semitism
Other areas and developments
Italy: trasformismo, political leaders try to keep out extreme nationalists on right and socialists on left by use of bribery and personal alliances, giolitti
North italy industrialized, south italy stayed in poverty
Spain dominated by conservative forces, calls for social reform generation of 1898
Anarchist violence
Outsiders in mass politics
Trade unions, bread and butter approach, strikes
German social democratic party
Second international, 1889, umbrella organization for trade unionists
Revisionist socialism (evolutionary socialism): bernstein, gradual path to change instead of armed battle
Sorel, wanted general strike, single industrial union
Bakunin, anarchism, need assassinate people, initially non-violent
White collar jobs for women
Sweating: have to help family income and raise kids
Some nations women get right to control property, divorce, and gain custody of kids
Birth control, contagious disease acts dismantled 1866
Prostitution
Suffragettes, pankhurst, women’s social and political union, fawcett less violent
New women
Montessori, schools, child-centered elementary curriculum
Emancipation of jews, assimilation but not acceptance, anti-semitism high, herzl, zionism
Pogroms, especially in russia
New ideas in science
Curie, radiation
Planck, quantum theory, energy not emitted in constant streams but in packets
Einstein, theory of relativity, time and space don’t exist, relative to boserver, e = mc^2
Advance of the social sciences
Freud, psychoanalysis, id (pleasure), ego (reason), superego (conscience), unpleasant memories buried in subconscious, the interpretation of dreams 1900, oedipus complex
Herbert spencer social darwinism, said natural selection applies to humans, resulted in racial darwinism
Philosophy: a flight to the irrational
Bergson: vitalism, nature can’t be divided into discrete parts, human behavior can’t be reduced to explanatory features
Nietzsche: god is dead, reality inaccessible to human reason, will to power, christianity twists human nature, teach people to suppress natural tendencies, need superman to lead masses
Religion: the challenge of modernism
Renan explain jesus just a human not son of god
Painting: beyond representation
Photography, riis how the other half lives
Impressionism: attempted to capture how eye really sees, monet, light and water
Postimpressionists: move away from impressionist light and shadow, more interested in form and structure. Van gogh, cezanne, van gogh starry night, cezanne geometric
Expressionism: matisse, artist must convey emotional stance, munch the scream, kandinsky
Cubism: braque and picasso, broke apart scenes into analyzable art, reassemble them to give simultaneous perspectives, les demoiselles d’avignon
Futurism: boccioni, glorify speed and technology in art
Literary trends
Naturalism: zola, frank depictions of life, realist pessimist
Tolstoy war and peace, social and economic forces trump the designs of great men
Dostoevski, crime and punishment, if ends justify means
BISMARCK
Make alliances with austria-hungary and russia, three emperors’ league, failed mainly because of russian-austrian rivalry in the balkans
1878 congress of berlin, dominated by bismarck, demolished treaty of san stefano
New alliances are germany/italy/austria (triple alliance) vs great britain/france/russia (triple entente)
1887 bismarck reinsurance treaty with russia, hope to prevent french-russian alliance
nationalities problem
know this
nietzsche
know this
bergson
know this
sorel
know this
symbolism
know this
bismarck stuff from the end of the chapter
know this
