Ag And Indus Rev

Question 1

Natural laws

Answer 1

The idea that there are certain innate laws that govern all humans

Question 2

Natural rights

Answer 2

Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from anyone, included equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness

Question 3

Enlightened absolutism

Answer 3

Aka enlightened despotism. Rulers who followed the advice of the philosophers and ruled by enlightened principles. The three main were Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria. Not actually that englightened/effective

Question 4

Patronage

Answer 4

Wealthy landed aristocrats gained support for them to be deputies to the House of Commons by patronage and bribery. Resulted in pocket boroughs controlled by a single person

Question 5

Balance of power

Answer 5

Eighteenth century concept, predicated on how to counterbalance the power of one state by another to prevent any one state from dominating the others. Did not imply a desire for peace

Question 6

Reason of state

Answer 6

Eighteenth century saw emergence of this concept, rulers looked beyond dynastic interests to the long term future of their states

Question 7

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Answer 7

1748, ended war of Austrian succession, promised return of all occupied territories except Silesia to their original owners. Prussia refuse to return Silesia, guarantee another war between Prussia and Austria

Question 8

Seven years war

Answer 8

Maria Theresa (Austria) didn’t accept the loss of Silesia, rebuild army, count wenzel Von kaunitz. 1756 diplomatic revolution: two new rivalries, Britain vs France, Austria v Prussia. England with Prussia. France and Russia with Austria. Frederick the great defeat FRA for a little, battle of rossbach saxony 1757 win, later lose. Peter withdraw Russian troops, stalemate

Question 9

Peace of Hubertusburg

Answer 9

1763, ended European seven years war, all occupied territories returned, Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia

Question 10

French and Indian war

Answer 10

In North America, extension of the seven years war. French and Indians v British, initial French success, but British revived by William Pitt the elder, naval support, defeat French fleets, British win

Question 11

Treaty of Paris

Answer 11

Ended French and Indian war, 1763, French cede Canada and lands east of Mississippi to Britain, Spain give Spanish Florida to Britain, French give Louisiana territory to Spanish. Made Great Britain world’s greatest colonial power

Question 12

Agricultural revolution

Answer 12

The improvements in agricultural practices and methods in the eighteenth century that led to a revolution in agriculture—output, methods, and everything

Question 13

Enclosure acts

Answer 13

In England parliament allowed agricultural land to be legally enclosed. The landed nobles blocked off land and caused small farmers to become wage laborers or tenant farmers, very unjust, developed English village life

Question 14

Jethro Tull

Answer 14

England, discovered that using a home to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enabled them to grow better. Also used a seed drill to plant seeds in rows instead of scattering them by hand

Question 15

Cottage industry

Answer 15

The system of manufacturing where textiles and stuff were produced in the countryside in a domestic/putting-out system, rural workers get materials from merchant-capitalist, everyone do different job, sell back to person who sells it to someone else. Spinners and weavers worked in their own cottages, family enterprise, could do it in winter when couldn’t do agricultural stuff

Question 16

New consumers

Answer 16

Reduced need for agricultural workers, small merchants, craftspeople, and shopkeepers growing in number, led to beginnings of consumer revolution primarily centered in England in 18th century, consumers purchased newly available luxury goods, consumer products of eighteenth century quickly became international commodities

Question 17

Primogeniture

Answer 17

Common practice before/somewhat during 18th century, eldest son receive all or largest share of parents estate, treated as favorite. Came under attack during 18th century, argued that all children deserved parental attention

Question 18

Infanticide

Answer 18

Positive changes in regard to child raising, but main yo limited to upper classes of Western Europe, did not extend to the peasants, for most Europeans children were still a source of anxiety. In times of economic crisis, some families did infanticide, killed their children on purpose of abandoned their children at foundling homes. A lot of times foundling homes or hospitals would take the kids in, but overcrowding so fatal or send kids to miserable and abusive jobs

Question 19

Industrial revolution

Answer 19

Evolved in Great Britain, due to supply of capital, early industrial entrepreneurs, mineral resources, role of government, markets, cotton industry, etc. Represented extreme changes in industry

Question 20

Capital

Answer 20

Britain had ready supply of capital (wealth) for investment. Britain also had an effective central bank and good credit facilities, use paper money too

Question 21

Pig iron

Answer 21

The product of smelting iron ore with coke

Question 22

Wrought iron

Answer 22

Iron of higher quality than pig iron, lower carbon content so was malleable and able to withstand strain, caused boom in British industry

Question 23

Puddling

Answer 23

1780s, Henry cort, Coke used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce wrought iron

Question 24

Railroad

Answer 24

Most important single factor in promoting European economic progress in the 1830s and 1840s. Britain leader. Railways got start in mining operations in Germany, British coal mines. Reduced friction, cast iron rails. Development of steam engine (1804, Trevithick pioneer it, Stephenson after). Britain many railroads, matured industrial revolution because furthered coal and iron industries, new middle class investors invest money in joint stock companies, new job opportunities, cheaper and faster means of transportation, larger markets, self sustaining industrial revolution, break of European traditional economy. New sense of power, especially over nature

Question 25

Crystal palace

Answer 25

1851 Britain had world’s first industrial fair. Housed at Kensington in London in the crystal palace (enormous structure made of glass and iron, a tribute to British engineering skills). Covered huge amount of land and contained many exhibits.

Question 26

Great exhibition of 1851

Answer 26

In crystal palace, world’s first industrial fair, meant to show British prestige and power in industrial revolution and such. Displayed britain’s wealth to the world, demonstration of British success. Showed how industrial revolution achieved human domination over nature. Also represented British imperial power, goods from India. Britian world’s first industrial nation and wealthiest.

Question 27

Population explosion

Answer 27

Population increases accelerated dramatically in the nineteenth century, also more accurate. Not because of higher birth rate (birth rates declining after 1790), but because decline in death rates. Less deaths because less famines, epidemics, and wars. Also increased food supply. Minimal industrialization (small and decentralized pockets) in light of growing population meant severe congestion in the countryside, less land per person, smaller plots, more landless peasants. Overpopulation also magnified rural poverty.

Question 28

The great famine

Answer 28

In Ireland, Irish very oppressed, peasants in huge poverty, potato was basic staple for Irish peasants, enabled them to survive and expand in numbers, married earlier, have kids earlier, population growth. Summer of 1845 potato crop failed, 1845-1851 great famine, decimated Irish population, huge number died, huge number emigrated

Question 29

Emigration

Answer 29

Flight of many Irish to America during great famine, traditional safety valve for overpopulation emigration, 1821-1850 number of emigrants from Europe huge number, most from Ireland and Germany because bad situations in those places, times of agrarian crisis result in waves of emigration, bad harvests, etc. also sought solution to poverty by moving to towns and cities within own countries to find work, rapid urbanization

Question 30

Charles dickens

Answer 30

Living conditions of poor, especially London’s poor, very very terrible, Charles dickens describe these conditions, smelled horrible, blackened with soot, death traps basically. Adulteration of food

Question 31

British poor law commission

Answer 31

Did social investigations in early industrial cities, produced detailed reports, struck by physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on poor

Question 32

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 32

Urban reformer, (also Kay-Shuttleworth was an urban reformer who believed poor were bad volcanoes), want eliminate poverty and sailor of government investigatory commissions, secretary of poor law commission, initiated passionate search for detailed facts about living conditions of working classes. Wrote Report of the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain in 1842. Advocated for a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water. 1848 Britain did first public health act, created national board of health, empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems

Question 33

Cholera

Answer 33

Many middle class citizens for willing to support public health reforms because of fear of cholera, deadly disease, outbreaks of it had ravaged Europe and were especially rampant in the overcrowded cities, people become convinced that filthy conditions helped spread the disease, began to support call for new public health measures

Question 34

Child labor

Answer 34

Children employed in large numbers in early factories and mines. Child labor exploited more than ever and in a considerably more systematic fashion. Kids had delicate touch, smaller so can fit in more places to get stuff, easily broken to factory work, cheap and abundant supply of labor, paid much less than adult men, work long days and long weeks. Initial legislation primarily affected child labor in textile factories and mines but did not touch the use of kids in small workshops or non factory trades. Conditions very terrible.

Question 35

Pauper apprentices

Answer 35

Orphans or children abandoned by their parents who had wound up in the care of local parishes, parish officials apprenticed them to factory owners looking for a cheap source of labor, worked long hours under strict disciplining and received inadequate food and recreation, many became deformed from being kept too long in contorted positions

Question 36

Combination acts of 1799 and 1800

Answer 36

In Britain, outlawed associations of workers

Question 37

Trade unions

Answer 37

Similar to the craft societies of earlier times, formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries, served to preserve own workers’ position by limiting entry into their trade and to gain benefits from the employers. Had limited goals, favored a working class struggle against employers, but only to win improvements for the members of their own trades. Some strike to attain goals, caused parliament to repeal the combination acts in 1824, unions tolerated but there were authorities to keep close watch over activities. 1820s and 30s begin to focus on creation of national unions, but failed

Question 38

Robert Owen

Answer 38

Cotton magnate and social reformer, believe in creation of voluntary associations that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperative rather than competitive living

Question 39

Grand national consolidated trades Union

Answer 39

Plans emerged for this under Robert Owen’s direction, formed February 1834, national federation of trade unions, primary purpose to coordinate general strike for eight hour working day. Rhetoric outpaced reality, lack of real working class support led to total collapse of federation, union movement reverted to trade unions for individual crafts

Question 40

Amalgamated society of engineers

Answer 40

Trade union of individual craft, largest and most successful, formed in 1850, provision of generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment, larger goals wait

Question 41

Chartism

Answer 41

Meaningful expression of attempts of British workers to improve their conditions, Chartism was the first important political movement of working men organized during the nineteenth century. Wanted to achieve political democracy. Women joined the movement too, often female sections, but fighting to win political rights for their husbands not themselves (Chartist platform didn’t include right to vote for women). Two national petitions 1839 and 1842, incorporated chartist demands, got millions of signatures. Chartists want encourage change through peaceful, constitutional means, although underlying threat of force. 1842 Chartists organize general strike on behalf on goals, little success. Parliament rejected both petitions. Movement had largely played itself out after 1848. True significance ability to arouse and organize millions of working class men and women, give them a sense of newfound working class consciousness

Question 42

People’s charter

Answer 42

Chartism, document drawn up in 1838 by the London working men’s association, demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament, and annual sessions of parliament

Question 43

Luddites

Answer 43

Skilled craftspeople in the midlands and northern England who in 1812 attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods. Failed to stop the industrial mechanization of Britain and have been viewed as utterly naive, but also an intense eruption of feeling against unrestrained industrial capitalism, inability of troops to find culprits shows evidence of local support they received in their areas

Question 44

Factory acts 1802-1819

Answer 44

Limited labor for children 9-16 to twelve hours a day, employment of kids under 9 forbidden, said kids had to receive instruction in reading and arithmetic during working hours, but only applied to cotton mills not to factories or mines where some of worst abuses taking place. No provision made for enforcing acts through inspection

Question 45

Factory act

Answer 45

Factory act of 1833, strengthened earlier labor legislation, all textile factories included, kids 9-13 could only work eight hours a day, 13-18 only twelve hours a day, factory inspectors appointed with ability to fine people who broke the law, another legislation in 1833 required kids 9-13 had to have at least two hours of elementary education during working day

Question 46

Ten hour act

Answer 46

1847, reduced workday for children 13-18 to ten hours, women included in this limit

Question 47

Coal mines act

Answer 47

1842, eliminated employment of boys under 10 and women in mines, eventually men benefit too from move to restrict factory hours