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med term: second half > Ch15: endocrine system > Flashcards

Ch15: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Adam’s apple

A

protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid cartilage

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2
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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3
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of the adrenal gland; helps control metabolism, inflammations, sodium and potassium retention, and effects of stress

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4
Q

adrenal gland

A

one of 2 glands, each of which is situated on top of each kidney

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5
Q

adrenaline

A

epinephrine; secreted by adrenal medulla

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6
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal glands; releases large quantities of hormones during stress

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7
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; involved in the control of the adrenal cortex

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8
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; mineralocorticoid

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9
Q

alpha cells

A

specialized cells that produce glucagon in the pancreas

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10
Q

androgen

A

any male hormone, such as testosterone

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

posterior pituitary hormone that increases water reabsorption

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12
Q

beta cells

A

specialized cells that produce insulin in the pancreas

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13
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands; helps control blood calcium levels

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14
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones, such as epinephrine, released in response to stress

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15
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex

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16
Q

cortisol

A

hydrocortisone

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17
Q

ductless gland

A

endocrine gland

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18
Q

electrolyte

A

any substance that conducts electricity and is decomposed by it

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19
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes substances into the blood stream instead of into ducts

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress adrenaline

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21
Q

exocrine gland

A

any gland that releases substances through ducts to a specific

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22
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone released by the anterior pituitary to aid in production of ova and sperm

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23
Q

gland

A

any organized mass of tissue secreting or excreting substances

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24
Q

glucagon

A

hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood sugar

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25
Q

glucocorticoids

A

hormones released by the adrenal cortex

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26
Q

glycogen

A

converted glucose stored in the liver for future use

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27
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

hormone released by the anterior pituitary for stimulating growth

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28
Q

hormone

A

substance secreted by glands and carried in the bloodstream to various parts of the body

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29
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

hypothalamus

A

gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones

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31
Q

inhibiting factor

A

substances in a hormone that prevents the secretion of other hormones

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32
Q

insulin

A

substance released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar

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33
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon

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34
Q

isthmus

A

narrow band of tissue connecting the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

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35
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

hormone released to aid in maturation of ova and ovulation in the female; and aids in the secretion of testosterone in males

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36
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

hormone released by the pituitary gland; aids in development of melanin pigment of the skin

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37
Q

melatonin

A

hormone released by the pineal gland; affects sexual function and sleep patterns

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38
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated

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39
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

steroid secreted by adrenal cortex

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40
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

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41
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone secreted by adrenal medulla

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42
Q

ovary

A

one of 2 female reproductive glands that secrete hormones in the endocrine system

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43
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to aid in uterine contractions and lactation

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44
Q

pancreas

A

gland of both the endocrine system (blood sugar control) and the digestive system (as an exocrine gland)

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45
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid hormone

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46
Q

parathyroid gland

A

one of 4 glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland on its dorsal surface that help maintain levels of blood calcium

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47
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hormone released by the parathyroid glands to help raise blood calcium levels

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48
Q

pineal gland

A

gland located above pituitary gland; secretes melatonin

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49
Q

pituitary gland

A

major endocrine gland; secretes hormones essential to metabolic functions

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50
Q

receptor

A

part of a target cells with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone)

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51
Q

releasing factor

A

substance in a hormone that allows secretion of other hormones

52
Q

somatotrophic hormone (STH)

A

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; important in growth and development

53
Q

suprarenal gland

A

adrenal gland

54
Q

sympathomimetic

A

mimicking functions of the sympathetic nervous system

55
Q

target cell

A

cell with receptors that are compatible with specific hormones

56
Q

testis, testicles

A

one of 2 male organs that secrete hormones in the endosystem

57
Q

thymus gland

A

gland that is part of the immune system as well as part of the endocrine system; aids in the maturation of T and B cells

58
Q

thyroid gland

A

gland with 2 lobes located on either side of the trachea; helps control blood calcium levels and metabolic functions

59
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates release of thyroid hormones

60
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

compound found in or manufactured for thyroid gland; helps regulate metabolism

61
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

thyroid hormone that stimulates growth

62
Q

vasopressin

A

hormone secreted by pituitary gland; raises blood pressure

63
Q

blood sugar, blood glucose

A

test for glucose in blood

64
Q

fasting blood sugar

A

test for glucose in blood following a fast of 12 hrs

65
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

blood test for body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates; taken after a 10-12 hour fast, then repeated every hour for 4-6 hours after ingestion of a sugar solution

66
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin A1C

A

Blood test for an average of glucose levels over the previous 2-3 months

67
Q

postprandial blood sugar

A

test for glucose in blood, 2 hours after a meal

68
Q

radioactive immunoassay (RIA)

A

test for measuring hormone levels in plasma; taken after radioactive solution is ingested

69
Q

radioactive iodine uptake

A

test for how quickly the thyroid gland pulls in ingested iodine

70
Q

thyroid function test or study

A

test for levels of TSH, T3, and T4 in blood plasma to determine thyroid function

71
Q

thyroid scan

A

imaging test for thyroid abnormalities

72
Q

urine sugar

A

test for diabetes; determined by presence of sugar in urine

73
Q

acidosis

A

abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body

74
Q

acromegaly

A

abnormally enlarged features resulting from a pituitary tumor and hypersecretion of growth hormone

75
Q

Addison’s disease

A

underactivity of the adrenal glands

76
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

group of symptoms caused by overactivity of the adrenal glands

77
Q

diabetes

A

type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Type III diabetes

78
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

79
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes

80
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

kidney disease due to diabetes

81
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

loss of sensation in the extremities due to diabetes

82
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

gradual loss of vision due to diabetes

83
Q

dwarfism

A

abnormally stunted growth caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone, congenital lack of a thyroid gland, or a genetic defect

84
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyes typical of Graves’ disease

85
Q

gigantism

A

abnormally fast and large growth caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone

86
Q

glucosuria

A

glucose in the urine

87
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

88
Q

goiter

A

abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland

89
Q

Graves’ disease

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland

90
Q

hirsutism

A

abnormal hair growth due to an excess of androgens

91
Q

hyperadrenalism

A

overactivity of the adrenal glands

92
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

overactivity of the parathyroid glands

93
Q

hypersecretion

A

abnormally high secretion, as from a gland

94
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland

95
Q

hypoadrenalism

A

underactivity of the adrenal glands

96
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low level of glucose in the blood

97
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

underactivity of the parathyroid glands

98
Q

hyposecretion

A

abnomally low secretion, as from a gland

99
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underactivity of the thyroid gland

100
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

A

Type I diabetes

101
Q

ketoacidosis

A

condition of high acid levels caused by the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body

102
Q

ketosis

A

condition caused by the abnormal release of ketones in the body

103
Q

myxedema

A

advanced adult hypothyroidism

104
Q

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

A

type II diabetes

105
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

106
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

107
Q

polyuria

A

excessive excretion of urine, resulting in frequent urination

108
Q

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

109
Q

tetany

A

neurological syndrome, usually due to decreased serum levels of calcium in the blood

110
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

state of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone

111
Q

Type I diabetes

A

endocrine disorder with abnormally low or completely absent levels of insulin; also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

112
Q

Type II diabetes

A

disease caused by failure of the body to recognize insulin that is present or by an abnormally low level of insulin; also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); usually adult onset

113
Q

virilism

A

condition with excessive androgen production, often resulting in the appearance of mature male characteristics in young

114
Q

adenectomy

A

removal of a gland

115
Q

adrenalectomy

A

removal of an adrenal gland

116
Q

hypophysectomy

A

removal of the pituitary gland. Also called hypophysis

117
Q

pancreatectomy

A

removal of the pancreas

118
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

119
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland

120
Q

thyroidectomy

A

removal of the thyroid

121
Q

antihyperglycemic

A

agent that lowers blood glucose

122
Q

antihypoglycemic

A

agent that raises blood glucose

123
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

ingestion of hormones to replace missing (or increase low levels of needed) hormones

124
Q

human growth hormone

A

naturally occurring substance in the body that promotes growth; synthesized substance that serves the same function

125
Q

hypoglycemic

A

agent that lowers blood glucose

126
Q

radioactive iodine therapy

A

use of radioactive iodine to eliminate thyroid tumors

127
Q

steroid

A

a hormone or chemical substance released by several endocrine glands or manufactured in various medications

med term: second half (15 decks)

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