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med term: second half > Ch14: digestive system > Flashcards

Ch14: digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

passing of nutrients into the bloodstream

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract

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3
Q

amino acid

A

chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins

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4
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates

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5
Q

anal canal

A

part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus

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6
Q

anus

A

place at which feces exit the body

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7
Q

appendage

A

any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part of having no specific central function

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8
Q

appendix

A

wormlike appendage to the cecum

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9
Q

bile

A

yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion

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10
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment contained in bile

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11
Q

body

A

middle section of the stomach

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12
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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13
Q

cecum

A

pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum

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14
Q

cheeks

A

walls of the oral cavity

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15
Q

chyme

A

semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

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16
Q

colon

A

major portion of the large intestine

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17
Q

defecation

A

release of feces from the anus

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18
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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19
Q

digestion

A

conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body

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20
Q

duodenum

A

top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process

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21
Q

elimination

A

the conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation

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22
Q

emesis

A

regurgitation

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23
Q

emulsification

A

breaking down of fats

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24
Q

enzyme

A

protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract

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25
Q

epiglottis

A

movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea

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26
Q

esophagus

A

part of ailmentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach

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27
Q

fatty acid

A

acid derived from fat during the digestive process

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28
Q

feces

A

semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is release from the body

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29
Q

frenulum

A

mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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30
Q

fundus

A

upper portion of the stomach

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31
Q

gallbladder

A

organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile

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32
Q

glucose

A

sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body

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33
Q

glycogen

A

starch that can be converted into glucose

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34
Q

gums

A

fleshy sockets that hold the teeth

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35
Q

hard palate

A

hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth

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36
Q

ileum

A

bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine

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37
Q

jejunum

A

middle section of the small intestine

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38
Q

large intestine

A

passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place

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39
Q

lingual tonsils

A

two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue

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40
Q

lipase

A

enzyme contained in pancreatic juice

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41
Q

lips

A

two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth

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42
Q

liver

A

organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile

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43
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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44
Q

mesentery

A

membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen

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45
Q

mouth

A

cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested

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46
Q

palatine tonsils

A

mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx

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47
Q

pancreas

A

digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar

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48
Q

papilla

A

tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds

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49
Q

pepsin

A

digestive enzyme in gastric juice

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50
Q

peristalsis

A

coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract

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51
Q

pharynx

A

tube through which food passes to the esophagus

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52
Q

pylorus

A

narrow bottom part of the stomach

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53
Q

rectum

A

bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal

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54
Q

reflux

A

regurgitation

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55
Q

regurgitation

A

backward flow from the normal direction

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56
Q

rugae

A

folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate

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57
Q

saliva

A

fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase

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58
Q

salivary glands

A

glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food

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59
Q

sigmoid colon

A

S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum

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60
Q

small intestine

A

20 ft long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place

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61
Q

soft palate

A

soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth

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62
Q

stomach

A

large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down

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63
Q

stool

A

feces

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64
Q

throat

A

pharynx

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65
Q

tongue

A

fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech)

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66
Q

uvula

A

cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate

67
Q

villus

A

tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system

68
Q

achalasia

A

inability of a muscle, particularly the cardiac sphincter, to relax

69
Q

achlorhydria

A

lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

70
Q

anal fistula

A

small opening in the anal canal through which waste matter can leak into the abdominal cavity

71
Q

ankyloglossia

A

condition of the tongue being partially or completely attached to the bottom of the mouth

72
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder with extreme weight loss

73
Q

aphagia

A

inability to swallow

74
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

75
Q

ascites

A

fluid buildup in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities

76
Q

bulimia

A

eating disorder with bingeing and purging

77
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of the lips

78
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile ducts

79
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

80
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

81
Q

cirrhosis

A

liver disease, often caused by alcoholism

82
Q

colic

A

gastrointestinal distress, especially of infants

83
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

84
Q

constipation

A

difficult or infrequent defecation

85
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

type of inflammatory bowel disease with no ulcers

86
Q

diarrhea

A

loose, watery stool

87
Q

diverticula

A

small pouches in the intestinal walls

88
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticula

89
Q

diverticulosis

A

condition in which diverticula trap food or bacteria

90
Q

duodenal ulcer

A

ulcer in the duodenum

91
Q

dysentery

A

irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools.

92
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion

93
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

94
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine

95
Q

eructation

A

belching

96
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

97
Q

fistula

A

abnormal opening in tissue

98
Q

flatulence

A

gas in the stomach or intestine

99
Q

flatus

A

gas in the lower intestinal tract that can be released through the anus

100
Q

gallstones

A

calculi in the gallbladder

101
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

102
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

103
Q

glossitis

A

inflammation of the tongue

104
Q

halitosis

A

foul mouth order

105
Q

hematemesis

A

blood in vomit

106
Q

hematochezia

A

red blood in stool

107
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted veins in the anus

108
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation or disease of the liver

109
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlarged liver

110
Q

hepatopathy

A

liver disease

111
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrosion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm

112
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

excessive bilirubin in the blood

113
Q

icterus

A

jaundice

114
Q

ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum

115
Q

ileus

A

intestinal blockage

116
Q

intussusception

A

prolapse or collapse of an intestinal part into a neighboring part. One section collapses into another like a telescope

117
Q

jaundice

A

excessive bilirun in the blood causing yellowing of the skin

118
Q

melena

A

old blood in the stool

119
Q

nausea

A

sick feeling in the stomach

120
Q

obesity

A

abnormal accumulation of fat in the body

121
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

122
Q

parotitis, parotiditis

A

inflammation of the parotid gland

123
Q

peptic ulcer

A

sore on the mucous membrane of the digestive system; stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer

124
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

125
Q

polyposis

A

condition with polyps, as in the intestines

126
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum and anus

127
Q

sialoadenitis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

128
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the blood

129
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the colon with ulcers

130
Q

volvulus

A

intestinal blockage caused by the intestine twisting on itself

131
Q

abdominocentesis

A

incision into the abdomen to remove fluid or relieve pressure

132
Q

anal fistulectomy

A

removal of an anal fistula

133
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical union of 2 hollow structures

134
Q

appendectomy

A

removal of the appendix

135
Q

Billroth’s I

A

excision of the pylorus

136
Q

Billroth’s II

A

resection of the pylorus with the stomach

137
Q

cheiloplasty

A

repair of the lips

138
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of the gallbladder

139
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

removal of stones from the common bile duct

140
Q

cholelithotomy

A

removal of gallstones

141
Q

cholelithotripsy

A

breaking up or crushing of stones in the body, especially gallstones

142
Q

colectomy

A

removal of the colon

143
Q

colostomy

A

creation of an opening from the colon into the abdominal wall

144
Q

diverticulectomy

A

removal of diverticula

145
Q

esophagoplasty

A

repair of the esophagus

146
Q

gastrectomy

A

removal of part or all of the stomach

147
Q

gastric resection or gastric bypass

A

removal of part of the stomach and repair of the remaining part

148
Q

glossectomy

A

removal of the tongue

149
Q

glossorrhaphy

A

suture of the tongue

150
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

removal of hemorrhoids

151
Q

hepatic lobectomy

A

removal of one or more lobs of the liver

152
Q

ileostomy

A

creation of an opening into the ileum

153
Q

liver biopsy

A

removal of a small amount of liver tissue to examine for disease

154
Q

pancreatectomy

A

removal of the pancreas

155
Q

paracentesis

A

incision into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid or relieve pressure

156
Q

polypectomy

A

removal of polyps

157
Q

proctoplasty

A

repair of the rectum and anus

158
Q

antacid

A

agent that neutralizes stomach acid

159
Q

antidiarrheal

A

agent that controls loose, watery stools

160
Q

antiemetic

A

agent that prevents vomiting

161
Q

antispasmodic

A

agent that controls intestinal tract spams

162
Q

cathartic

A

agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for emptying the bowels

163
Q

laxative

A

agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve constipation

med term: second half (15 decks)

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