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Biochem > Ch.10 Carb Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch.10 Carb Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does starch digestion start? What enzyme is found in saliva?

A

Starts in the mouth; enzyme α-amylase

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2
Q

What happens when food enters the small intestine?

A

Mixes with pancreatic juice, which contains more α-amylase.

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3
Q

What 3 oligosaccharides are formed after entering the small intestine?

A

maltose, maltotriose, alpha-dextrin

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4
Q

What is the last step of starch digestion?

A

convert maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrin into glucose

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5
Q

What two enzymes play a role in oligosaccharide conversion to glucose during starch digestion?

A

maltase and α-dextrinase

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6
Q

Where are maltase and α-dextrinase located?

A

Microvilli (Tiny finger-like structures that line the small intestine)

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7
Q

What 2 disaccharides do our diets consist of?

A

sucrose (sweet foods) and lactose (milk)

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8
Q

What enzymes break down disaccharides? What do they breakdown to?

A

Sucrase and lactase; glucose, fructose, galactose

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9
Q

What is absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine after digestion?

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

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10
Q

What helps moves sugars into the cells?

A

transport proteins

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11
Q

What is the completing step to carbohydrate absorption?

A

monosaccharides exit cells, enter bloodstream, making sugars available for bodily use

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12
Q

Where do sugars in the bloodstream travel to?

A

Liver –> acts as a distribution center for carbs

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13
Q

How does the liver store sugar?

A

Stores some as glycogen, releases the rest to bloodstream

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14
Q

List characteristics of the liver

A
  • manages carbs
  • turns sugar into glycogen
  • glycogen typically amounts to 3-7% of overall weight
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15
Q

List characteristics of muscles

A
  • store glycogen for energy
  • glycogen amounts to 1-1.5% of overall muscle weight
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16
Q

Which contains more glycogen in the body?

A

Liver has higher percentage of glycogen, but muscles store more glycogen overall

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17
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

cytosol of liver/muscle cells; forms tiny granules in the cells

18
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

builds glycogen for energy storage; adds glucose molecules together making long chains

19
Q

Where does energy come from to make glycogen?

A

ATP and UTP (uridine triphosphate)

20
Q

First step of glycogenesis

A

Turn ATP into glucose 1-phosphate

21
Q

Second step of glycogenesis

A

Mix glucose 1-phosphate with ATP to create UDP-glucose

22
Q

What enzyme helps add glucose molecules to glycogen chain?

A

Glycogen synthase

23
Q

What happens to UDP when glucose is added?

A

UDP is released, ready to be used again in later formations of UDP-glucose, allowing further glycogen synthesis

24
Q

What is the starting point for glycogen synthase? What protein makes this up?

A

primer made up of glycogenin

25
Q

What is glycogenin’s role?

A

adds 8 glucose molecules to itself, then glycogen synthase adds more glucose to the chain

26
Q

What makes glycogen a branched chain?

A

branching enzyme (moves parts of chain inside the glycogen molecule to form branches)

27
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breaking down of glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate and plain glucose

28
Q

What bonds are breaking during glycogenolysis? What causes the breaking?

A

glycosidic linkages broken through phosphorolysis (Pi helps break bonds)

29
Q

What is created through breaking of glycosidic linkages? What enzyme causes this?

A

glucose 1-phosphate; glycogen phosphorylase

30
Q

What is phosphorylase’s role?

A

goes through glycogen and removes glucose until it’s 4 glucose residues away from a branch point

31
Q

What happens when the chain becomes really short?

A

Debranching enzyme helps phosphorylase

32
Q

What 2 jobs does the debranching enzyme have?

A
  1. moves 3 of the 4 glucose residues from a branch to the end of another branch
  2. breaks bond at the branch point, leaving plain glucose
33
Q

Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are ________. Meaning what?

A

Anaerobic processes; occur without the need for oxygen

34
Q

What speeds up glycogenolysis in the muscles?

A

Exercise/ physical activity

35
Q

What 4 factors speed up glycogenolysis?

A
  1. Pi concentration increase
  2. Ratio of AMP to ATP
  3. Calcium ion concentration
  4. Hormonal control
36
Q

How does the increase of Pi concentration contribute to speeding up glycogenolysis?

A

It contributes to the conditions that favor phosphorylase activation.

37
Q

As AMP levels ____ (while ATP levels ____), it activates ________, facilitating glycogenesis.

A

rise, decrease, phosphorylase b

38
Q

While AMP binding activates Phosphorylase b, this activation is only _______.

A

temporary

39
Q

The phosphorylation of phosphorylase b (to form a) is a more ______ and longer-lasting activation mechanism.

A

stable

40
Q
A

Biochem (8 decks)

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